SAYAR UNITY

SAYAR UNITY “I teach subjects related to the English language, English literature, English grammar, and so on.

02/12/2023

LESSON 12
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Regarding “Direct and Indirect Speech, you should know the following first.
(A) Direct Speech
It shows the actual words of the speaker without any change. In other words, it is the Direct Form of Narration.
(B) Indirect Speech
It shows somebody’s words employed by another person. In other words, it is the Indirect Form of Narration.
(C) Principal Sentence
It is the Main Sentence or the Introductory Sentence. There is a Comma at the end of it. Principal Sentence (or) Main Sentence (or) Introductory Sentence.
Note: 1. Direct Speech must be between the Inverted commas.
2. Direct Speech must be begun with a Capital Letter.

PART (1)
Using “That” in Direct Speech for no question, command and requesting sentence
Examples:
1. He says, “ I am poor.” (D)
He says that he is poor. (In-D)
2. He said, “ I build my house.” (D)
He said that he built his house. (In-D)
3. He said to me, “ I want to tell you good news.”(D)
He said that he wants to tell me good news.(In-D)

01/12/2023

Section (12)
SPECIAL USE OF “IF”
1. Positive Usage- (Present and Future Definite)
2. Conditional Usage

1. Positive Usage for Present Definite
If/ when/ Whenever+ Present Tense Verb and Present Tense Verb
1. If you mix yellow and blue, you get green.
When you mix yellow and blue, you get green.
2. If she wants the servant, she rings the bell.
When/ Whenever she wants the servant, she rings the bell.
(2) Positive Usage for Future Definite
If+ Present Tense Verb,+ Future(ie. Will)
1. If you try hard you will succeed.
Conditional Usage
1. Contrary to facts (2) Imaginary (3) Impossible

(1) Contrary to facts
If+ Past Simple…., ………….Would
If you tried, you would pass the examination.
(2) Imaginary
If+……were+ Noun/Adj/ Phrase+ …………would……
1. If I were rich, I would buy a new car.
2. If I were in high position, there would be many friends around me.
3. If you were my brother, I would look after you.
(3) Impossible
If+ Past perfect…,+ would have+ V3
1. If the driver had be careless, all the passengers would have been killed.
2. If I had had enough encouragement, I would have become a doctor.

MORE ABOUT IF
PATTERN 1

IF+ IT WERE NOT FOR +NOUN+ WOULD
1. If it were not for his blindness, no one would pity him.
(but+ for his blindness, no one would pity him)

PATTERN 2
IF IT HAD NOT BEEN FOR +NOUN+ WOULD HAVE +V3
1. If it had not been for your help, the child would have drowned.
(But+ for your help, the child would have drowned.)

PATTERN 3
WHAT IF+ COMPLETE SENTENCE?
WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF + COMPLETE SENTENCE?
1. What if it rains while we are a long way from shelter?
What will happen if it rains while we are a long way from shelter?
2. What if the rumour is true?
What will happen if the rumour is true?

PATTERN 4
WHAT IF/ WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF/ SUPPOSING+ COMPLETE SENTENCE
1. What if it rains while we are a long way from shelter?
What will happen if it rains while we are a long way from shelter?
Supposing it rains while we are a long way from shelter.

PATTERN 5
RELATION BETWEEN “IF” AND SHOULD
1. IF+ ANY SUB+ SHOULD + PLURAL VERB, …..WOULD
IF + ANY SUB+ WERE TO + PLURAL VERB,…….WOULD
1. If he should hear of your marriage, he would be surprised.
If he were to hear of your marriage, he would be surprised.

PATTERN 6
If an event is unlikely or improbable,” should” may be used in the if-clause. (Learner’s Dictionary)
IF+SUB+ SHOULD………., SENTENCE
1. If anyone should call, please let me know. (L.D)
2. If it should be necessary, I could come at six. (L.D)

PATTERN 7
“Will” in an if- clause shows a part of the polite formula (L.D)
1. If you will wait a moment……
Please wait a moment……..
(1) If you will wait a moment and I will go and tell the manager that you are here.
Please wait a moment and I will go and tell the manager that you are here. (L.D)

PATTERN 8
1. If+ sub+ should……..(Should+ Sub+………)
2. If+ sub+ were……….(Were+ Sub+………)
3. If sub+ had…………(had+ sub+………..)
1.If it should be necessary,……….(Should it be necessary)
2. If I were in your place,………….(Were I in your place)
3. if I had known earlier, ………..(Had I known earlier)
4. If I should see him, I shall let you know.
(Should I see him, I shall let you know.) (Practical English Usage 117)
5. If I had known, I would never have asked him to come.
Had I known, I would never have asked him to come.
(Practical English Usage 117)

PATTERN 9
Assuming/ If
On condition that/ If
Provided that, in case/ If
Present tense Verb……, and/ If
……….would……to+ verb/ If
1. Assuming we have good weather, we shall be at our camp by dusk.
If we have good weather, we shall be at our camp by dusk.
2. I shall go on condition that (=Provide that) you come with me.
I shall go if you come with me.
3. In case you come, I will entertain you with tea.
If you come, I will entertain you with tea.
4. Try hard, and you will pas the examination.
If you try hard, you will pass the examination.
5. I would be very happy to see you.
I would be very happy if I saw you.

PATTERN 9
WITHOUT/IF…NO/NOT
1. Without his books, he would know nothing.
2. If he had no books, he would know nothing.

PATTERN 11
As if/ as though
1. It looks as if (as though) they were telling the truth.
2. He talks as if (as though) he knew all about it.
3. It rained as if (as though) it would never stop.
PATTERN 12
EVEN IF
1. Even if I go to bed early, I always wake up late.
2. Even if you lived to be a hundred, you would never be satisfied with your life.

25/11/2023

Section (10)
The Sequence of Tenses
(Rule 1 ) Main Sentence (Present Tense/Future Tense) + That+
Any Tense (Subordinate)
(Present Tense)
1. He says that he is rich.
2. He says that he was rich.
3. He says that he will be rich.
4. He says that he could speak English.

(Future Tense)
1. He will say that he can speak English.
2. He will say that he will be able to speak English.

(Rule 2) Main Sentence (Past Tense) + that + Past tense (Subordinate)
1. My father said that he was a peasant.
2. He said that he had much money.
3. He told me that he would visit me.
4. I knew that he was an engineer.
5. I believed that he could speak English.

(Rule 3) Main Sentence Past Tense+ that Present Tense
1. Teacher said that the world is round.
2. I knew that the sun rises in the east. (Universal Truth)
My father said that people are generally selfish.

(Rule 4) Habitual Present
Main Sentence Past Tense +that+ Present Tense
1. My teacher said that Myanmar is an agricultural country.
2. I knew that English is widely used in many fields today.
(Rule 5) FOR PRESENT TENSE AND PAST TENSE WITH SO THAT, IN ORDER THAT
1. Present Tense+ so that/ in order that+ will/ can/ may
(1.) The boy studies hard so that/ in order that he will do well.
(2.) The boy studies hard so that/ in order that he can do well.
(3.) The boy studies hard so that/ in order that he may do well.
2. Past Tense+ so that/ in order that+ would/ could/ might
(1) The boy studied hard so that/ in order that he would do well.
(2) The boy studied hard so that/ in order that he could do well.
(3) The boy studied hard so that/ in order that he might do well.
(Rule 6) Lest (Conjunction) with should
Lest+………should
1. The tries hard lest he should fail in the examination.
2. He goes early lest he should be late.
3. He saves money lest he should be poor in his old age.
4. He tried hard lest he should fail in the examination.
5. He went early lest he should be late.
6. He saved money lest he should be poor in his old age.
(Rule 7) Adjective Clause with any tense
1. I met your friend who was going to the market.
2. I met your friend who is a good teacher.
3. Teacher liked the student who tried hard.
4. Teacher liked the student who is ambitious.
(Rule 8) Than with adverb clause of comparison any tense
1. They worked harder than he does.
2. They worked harder than he did.
3. He knew English better than I do.
4. He knew English better than I did.
5. You play tennis better than I do.
6. You play tennis better than I did.
(Rule 9) as much as
1. For present Tense+ as much as+ can
2. For past Tense+ as much as+ could
1. He tries as much as he can.
2. He tried as much as he could.
(Rule 10) ……as+ Adj+as………..Vert to be
1. He is as clever as I am.
2. I am sa busy as you are.
3. He was as rich as you were.
4. You were as rich as I was.
(Rule 11) as+ Adv+ as + Vert to be
1. He reads as interestingly as I do.
2. I study as carefully as he does.
3. He tried as hard as I did.
4. I did exercises as carefully as he did.
(Rule 12) Shall, Could, Would
SHARE+ Request for instructions/ Offers/ Suggestions
1. What shall- Request
2. Shall(I) bring? – Offer
3. Shall we move- Suggestion

1. Request For instructions
1. What shall I do for you?
Please tell me what to do for you.
2 Offers
1. Shall I bring you a cup of tea?
2. Shall I cook dinner?
3 Suggestions
1. Shall we meet at the station?
2. Shall we move?

COULD- Request/ Asking for Permission
Could- Could you? (Request)
Could I? (Asking for Permission)
1. Could you show me the way? (Request)
2. Could I use your phone? (Asking for Permission)
WOULD- Would you mind+ if……….verb?
Would you mind+ V+ing?
1. Would you mind if I opened the window?
(I would like to open the window if it is not an interference to you)
2. Would you mind teaching me English?

(Rule 13) As if/ as though
1. Main Sentence Any Tense+ as if/ as though + Past Tense/ Past Perfect)
1. He talks as if/ as though he knew all about it.
2. It rained as if/ as though it would never stop.
3. He walks as if/ as though he were drunk.
4. You behave as if/ as though you owned the place.
5. He looked as if/ as though he had seen a ghost.
(Rule 14) The use of “if”
When “if” is used meaning ‘when? Or whenever”, so that there is no condition, tenses in the main clause and the if – clause may be the same.
Examples:
1. If you mix yellow and blue, you get green. (Learner’s Dictionary)
When you mix yellow and blue, you get green.
2. If she wants the servant, she rings the bell. Learner’s Dictionary)
When/ Whenever she wants the servant, she rings the bell.
3. If II am mistaken, you are mistaken, too. Learner’s Dictionary.
(Rule 15) Three kinds of conditional sentence
Type 1. Probable condition
1. If he runs all the way, he will get there in time.
2. If you try, you will pass the examination.

Type 2 Improbable condition
1. If I dropped this, it would explode.
2. If he ran all the way, he would get there in time.
Type 3 Impossible condition
1. If I had known of your arrival, I should have met you.
2. If you had tried harder, you would have succeeded.

14/11/2023

Rule (30)
S+ V+ AND SO + TO DO + S
1. I try and does he.
I try. He also tries.
I try and he does so.
I try and so he does.
I try and so does he.

2. He tries and do I.
He tries. I also try.
He tries and I do so.
He tries and so I do.
He tries and so do I.

3. I walk and so does he.
I walk. He also walks.
I walk and he does so.
I walk and so he does.
I walk and so does he.

4. He tried and so did I.
He tried. I also tried.
He tried and I did so.
He tried and so I did.
He tried and so did I.

13/11/2023

Rule (28)
THE USE OF "AND SO"
S+ V to be+ and so + V to be+ S
1. He is clever and so am I.
He is clever. I am also clever.
He is clever and am I.
He is clever and I am so.
He is clever and so I am.
He is clever and so am I.

2. She is fat and so are you.
She is fat. You are also fat.
She is fat and you are so.
She is fat and so you are.
She is fat and so are you.

3. I was rich and were you.
I was rich. You were also rich.
I was rich and you were so.
I was rich and so you were.
I was rich and were you.

4. He was poor and was I.
He was poor. I was also poor.
He was poor and I was so.
He was poor and so I was.
He was poor and so was I.

5. I am busy and is he.
I am busy. He is also busy.
I am busy and he is so.
I am busy and so he is.
I am busy and so is he.

13/11/2023

Rule (27)
THE USE OF EITHR AND NEITHER

NEITHER
Not....+ and neither + affirmative
S+ helping verb+ Verb+ and neither+ helping verb+ Subject
Examples:
1. My friend won't go and neither will I.
2. My friend hasn't gone and neither have I.
3. My friend doesn't go and neither do I.
4. My friend isn't going and neither am I.

EITHER
Not........+ and + negative+ either
(S+ helping+ V+ and+ Negative sent+ Subject)
1. My friend won't go and I won't either.
2. My friend hasn't gone and I haven't either.
3. My friend doesn't go and I don't either.
4. My friend isn't going and I'm not either

Examples:
1. My friend won't go and neither will I.
My friend won't go and I won't either.
2. My friend hasn't gone and either have I.
My friend hasn't gone and I haven't either.
3. My friend doesn't go and neither do I.
My friend doesn't go and I don't either.
4. My friend isn't going and neither am I.
My friend isn't going and I am not either.

13/11/2023

Rules (25)
The subjects with Singular Verb
1. Noun Clause
2. Noun Phrase
3. Verb- ing
4. To+ Verb (infinitive)
Examples:
1. What I want is education.
2. The time of one's death is unforeseen.
3. Walking is good for health.
4. To walk is good for health.

Rule (26)
LEADING TO UNITY -SINGULAR VERB (PLURAL NOUN+ WITH SINGULAR)
Examples:
1. Two miles is a short distance.
2. Twelve inches makes one foot.
3. Three feet makes one yard. etc.

13/11/2023

Rule (24)
SPECIAL ADJECTIVES
It is+ necessary/ imperative/ important/ essential + that clause (with Plural Verb only)
(It is+ adj+ that clause (with Plural Verb only)

Examples:
1. It is necessary that every student write essay in the examination.
2. It is imperative that every student study grammar.
3. It is important that every student attend school regularly.
4. It is essential that every man work for living.

NOTE:
(Substitute with infinitive Phrase instead of that clause)
1. It is necessary that every student write essay in the exam.
2. It is important for every student to write essay in the exam.

13/11/2023

Rule (22)
TO SHOW ONE'S HABIT IN THE PAST
1. S+ used to+ Plural Verb
2. S+ was/ were+ used to + Verb-ing

Examples:
1. I/ He/ She used to go to Shwedagon Pagoda while in Yangon.
2. I/ He/ She was used to going to Shwedagon Pagoda while in Yangon.

Rule (23)
TO SHWE RESISTANCE
S+ Verb to be + used to + Noun

Examples:
1. I am used to short sleep.
2. Peasants are used to hard work.
3. Some people are used to hot weather.
4. He was used to short sleep.
5 They were used to hard work.

12/11/2023

Rule (21)
SPECIAL VERBS (2) (PASSIVE VOICE)
Verb to be+ Seen+ to+ Plural Verb
(heard, watched, let, made, helped)
Examples:
1. He is (was) seen to dance.
2. She is (was) heard to sing.
3. The dancer is (was) let to enter the room.
4. He is (was) let to enter the room.
5. We are (were) made to write essays.
6. The old man is (was) helped to cross the road.

12/11/2023

Rule (20)
SPECIAL VERBS (2) (ACTIVE VOICE)

see- SAW. + Object + plural Verb
hear- HEARD
watch- WATCHED
let - LET
make - MADE
HELP- helped + Object + plural Verb
Examples:
1. I see (saw) Ma Mya dance.
2. I hear (heard) Ma Hla sing.
3 I watch (watched) Ma Kyi dance.
4. I let Mg Ba come into my room.
5. I make (made) him use my book.
6. I help (helped) the old man cross the road.

11/11/2023

Rule (19)
SPECIAL VERBS (1)
1. Recommend (ed) + that clause (with plural V)
2. Suggest (ed)
3. Require (d)
4. insist (ed) + that clause (with plural V)

Examples:
1. Our director recommends that every manager do field work.
Our director recommended that every manager do field work.
2. Our headmaster suggests that every student study grammar.
Our headmaster suggested that every student study grammar.
3. My father requires that his nephew attend college.
My father required that his nephew attend college.
4. The doctor insists that the patient take the medicine.
The doctor insisted that the patient take the medicine.

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