08/10/2021
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฒ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ซ๐๐ง๐ฌ๐ฅ๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐๐ข๐๐ฌ:
๐๐๐ซ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐๐ข๐๐ฌ:
Historically, translation studies has long been ๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ฌ๐๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ (telling translators how to translate), to the point that discussions of translation that were not prescriptive were generally not considered to be about translation at all. When historians of translation studies trace early Western thought about translation, for example, they most often set the beginning at ๐๐ข๐๐๐ซ๐จ's remarks on how he used translation from Greek to Latin to improve his oratorical abilitiesโan early description of what ๐๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฆ๐ ended up calling sense-for-sense translation. The descriptive history of interpreters in Egypt provided by ๐๐๐ซ๐จ๐๐จ๐ญ๐ฎ๐ฌ several centuries earlier is typically not thought of as translation studiesโpresumably because it does not tell translators how to translate. In China, the discussion on how to translate originated with the translation of Buddhist sutras during the Han Dynasty.
- ๐๐๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฌ ๐๐จ๐ซ ๐๐ง ๐๐๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ข๐ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ข๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐:
In 1958, at the Second Congress of Slavists in Moscow, the debate between linguistic and literary approaches to translation reached a point where it was proposed that the best thing might be to have a ๐ฌ๐๐ฉ๐๐ซ๐๐ญ๐ ๐ฌ๐๐ข๐๐ง๐๐ that was able to study all forms of translation, without being wholly within Linguistics or wholly within Literary Studies. Within Comparative Literature, translation workshops were promoted in the 1960s in some American universities like the University of Iowa and Princeton. During the 1950s and 1960s, systematic linguistic-oriented studies of translation began to appear. In 1958, the French linguists Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet carried out a contrastive comparison of French and English. In 1964, ๐๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ข๐๐ published ๐๐จ๐ฐ๐๐ซ๐ ๐ ๐๐๐ข๐๐ง๐๐ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ซ๐๐ง๐ฌ๐ฅ๐๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐ , a manual for Bible translation influenced to some extent by Harris's transformational grammar. In 1965, J. C. ๐๐๐ญ๐๐จ๐ซ๐ theorized translation from a linguistic perspective. In the 1960s and early 1970s, the Czech scholar Jiลรญ Levรฝ and the Slovak scholars Anton Popoviฤ and Frantiลกek Miko worked on the stylists of literary translation.
These initial steps toward research on literary translation were collected in James S. Holmes' paper at the Third International Congress of Applied Linguistics held in Copenhagen in 1972. In that paper, "The name and nature of translation studies", Holmes asked for the consolidation of a separate discipline and proposed a classification of the field. A visual "map" of Holmes' proposal would later be presented by Gideon Toury in his 1995 "Descriptive Translation Studies and beyond ".
Prior to the 1990s, translation scholars tended to form particular schools of thought, particularly within the prescriptive, descriptive, and Skopos paradigms. Since the "cultural turn" in the 1990s, the discipline has tended to divide into separate fields of inquiry, where research projects run parallel to each other, borrowing methodologies from each other and from other academic disciplines.
