Sri Lanka University Research Support

Any one who is willing to contribute to a IT related research please inbox

ICOME 2022
FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MANAGEMENT & ENTERPRENUERSHIP OUSL
Given the turbulence and dynamism of the contemporary business context, organizations are demanded to be more agile and crisis-ready. In response to this, innovation and proactive measurements with strategic planning in business, can be identified as vital, in achieving sustainable competitive advantage. With COVID-19, a strategic window was opened for a realm of business opportunities, embedded with numerous challenges. Thus, a need arises for all scholars, professionals, and policymakers to discuss challenges for a better future with innovation and entrepreneurship.

In light of this phenomenon, Faculty of Management Studies (FMS) of the Open University of Sri Lanka has decided to host the first International Conference on Management and Entrepreneurship (ICOME) on 31st March and 1st April 2022 on a virtual platform with the intention of creating a forum for all stakeholders including scholars, professionals, policymakers, and students to get together and share their ideas and knowledge to generate a better world with equity and sustainability.

Objectives

To bring local and foreign researchers and practitioners to one forum to share and disseminate current developments and insights in Business Management and Entrepreneurship.

To strengthen the scholarly and professional network among researchers.

To underpin the need for collaboration and cooperation of individuals from a wide range of professional backgrounds in Business Management and Entrepreneurship to contribute for a sustainable future.

Target presenters and participants

Local and foreign scholars, academics, professionals, practitioners and policy makers in Business Management and Entrepreneurship.

https://icome.ou.ac.lk/

International Conference on "Theravada Buddhist Scholasticism in First Millennium in Sri Lanka"
International Conference on "Theravada Buddhist Scholasticism in First Millennium in Sri Lanka" organized by Department of Buddhist Studies, Faculty of Arts, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka

site url -
https://arts.cmb.ac.lk/bst/index.php/2021/10/16/first-international-conference-on-buddhist-studies-on-theravada-buddhist-scholasticism-in-first-millennium-in-sri-lanka-12th-jan-2022/

YSF is planning to organize the 10th YSF Symposium and, celebrating the 10th Anniversary of the symposium, it is planned to accept both Extended Abstracts (EA) and Full Papers (FP). Selected papers will be published in the E-Proceedings of the symposium.

We are pleased to invite you to submit your papers to the 10th YSF Symposium organized with the collaboration of National Science & Technology Commission (NASTEC) & Young Scientists Forum (YSF).

Date: 18th March 2022
Venue: Virtual Platform
- Extended Abstract & Full Paper submission deadline (Extended) – 29th October 2021

- Author Guidelines, Templates, and Declaration Form can be downloaded from www.nastec.gov.lk

- Please refer the poster & guidelines for more information & send your Extended Abstracts/ Full Papers to [email protected]

Dear Researches,
Call for papers RAJARATA UNIVERSITY INTERNATITONAL RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM | 2021
Theme: Research and Innovation Towards Global Sustainability Through Rural Empowerment
Multidisciplinary International Research Symposium of Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
ISymRU 2021 will be held as a Virtual Event on the 21st and 22nd of December 2021 at Rajarata University of Sri Lanka.
For more information please visit the official website of the Conference, http://www.rjt.ac.lk/isymru/index.php and/or contact the organizing committee of the ISYMRU 2021

What is this Google Scholar
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Google Scholar article No 01

Google Scholar provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly literature. From one place, you can search across many disciplines and sources: articles, theses, books, abstracts and court opinions, from academic publishers, professional societies, online repositories, universities and other web sites. Google Scholar helps you find relevant work across the world of scholarly research.

In the future we will bring you how to make a Google Scholar account. How to cite and how to follow authors but for now we will stick for the basics.

The world changes rapidly day by day . New knowledge comes, some get updated, some proves wrong.
How to survive in this ever changing research world?, how'd you know what is new and what is not? how to be updated with the ever changing world of research. well Google scholar might come handy.

Google Scholar has these features where it is most essential to researchers to keep up with the research work.

FEATURES OF GOOGLE SCHOLAR
1. Search all scholarly literature from one convenient place
2. Explore related works, citations, authors, and publications
3. Locate the complete document through your library or on the
web
4. Keep up with recent developments in any area of research
5. heck who's citing your publications, create a public author profile

Google Scholar has these strengths and weaknesses with it. It's better to have an overall picture before using the Account. So we invite you to thoroughly go through every strength and weakness and do a small finding session by yourself before swimming in the waters.

STRENGHTS

Fast and easy to use
Google Scholar can lead to hundreds of relevant "scholarly" articles in seconds. It has a search interface similar to Google so it is clean and simple to use.
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Provides a "cited by" feature
Google Scholar includes a list of references under each source. Next to each paper list is "cited by" link. Clicking on this link shows Google's citation analysis-- all the pages pointing to the original one listed are displayed.
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Provides formatted citations
Click on "cite" link for citations in MLA, APA, or Chicago style. You may also import citations to BibTeX, EndNote, RefMan, or RefWorks from Google Scholar. Make sure to double check the citation format provided with specific instructions from your professor and the resources provided on How to Cite Sources.
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Provides library links
If an article is available at McQuade, the "Find it @ McQuade" link leads you directly to the article via McQuade Library for free.
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Find open access journals
See full text of articles from open access journals and preprint repositories that may not be in the library databases. To learn more about open access see the Public Library of Science The Case for Open Access page.
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Find science and technology articles
Currently Google Scholar is strongest in scientific, technical and medical disciplines thanks to partners such as PubMed, Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, and the Association for Computing Machinery. New materials in the social sciences and humanities are being added. You'll also find article citations from databases such as Project Muse and Ingenta.
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Find patents and legal documents
Google Scholar has added the capability to include patents in an article search and to search for legal documents. If you are interested in legal documents you can narrow your results by state and court by clicking the legal documents button under the main Google Scholar search box. However, Google Scholar should be used either to get your feet wet at the beginning of your searching or as a last resort.

WEAKNESSES

Is everything really "scholarly"?
NO and Google has yet to reveal what criteria they are using to select "scholarly" material.
As always, it is important to review and assess each source for its authority and quality for your research (see McQuade Library's "Criteria for Assessing Sources").
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Hey-- I have to pay?!
Google Scholar often links to papers and articles on commercial publisher websites. These sites will ask you to buy a subscription or pay for an article. DO NOT pay for articles. Use the "Find it @ McQuade" links to find a copy of the item. The options listed on the "Find it @ McQuade" menu will help you obtain the item -- either through a subscription, in print, or through interlibrary loan.
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No full text?
Google Scholar is NOT a full text database. Most records in Google Scholar are journal article citations, not articles in their entirety. Articles indexed in Google Scholar may be accessible through Academic Search Premier, LexisNexis Academic, ScienceDirect College Edition or other Academic Search Premier, Lexis Nexis Academic, Science Direct, or other quality McQuade Library databases. Select "Find it @ McQuade" to see if we have full text access.
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My results are all over the place. Is there a way to sort results?
Keep in mind that a regular search displays highly relevant citations at the top of the list (just like in Google), not the most current materials. Unfortunately, there is no easy way to sort, import, or email results like in McQuade databases. Use the "Advanced Scholar Search" option by clicking on the down arrow in the search box. A pop-up will appear to limit by date range and take advantage of other advanced searching features.
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Sometimes I'm not sure what I'm looking at.
Your results may contain a hodgepodge of sources (including citations, cited references, and books). Also duplicate and fragmentary entries may appear, as well as different editions of works, such as pre-prints, which may vary from the version published in a journal. Ask a librarian for help if you are confused. Librarians are available by chat, text, phone, email or in the Research Center on the 2nd floor of McQuade Library.
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Patent and Legal Document Searching
Google Scholar's own disclaimer states that, "legal opinions in Google Scholar are provided for informational purposes only and should not be relied on as a substitute for legal advice from a licensed lawyer. Google does not warrant that the information is complete or accurate." Use the Google Scholar for legal searching with this disclaimer in mind. It may be a helpful place to start to get to the place where the primary legal documents reside or as a last resort.
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Google Scholar aims to rank documents the way researchers do, weighing the full text of each document, where it was published, who it was written by, as well as how often and how recently it has been cited in other scholarly literature.

Happy researching !!

Sri Lanka University Research Support
Sri Lanka University Research Support

Dear Researches,
Here we have mentioned some of the upcoming Research Conferences Hosted in Sri Lanka - 2021 / 2022
For more details please visit the website link
Sri Lanka University Research Support
Sri Lanka University Research Support

Sri Lanka University Research Support
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Dear Researches,
Anyone who is interesting in developing their Research Papers please contact us through our Sri Lanka University Research Support page. We will develope it as to a publishable paper. please contact us. This is a free service ** Conditions Applied.
-SLURS Team-

Dear Researchers,
We have summarized the dates of the Research Conferences 2021

1. Uva Wellassa University
5th International Research Conference -IRCUWU2021
http://www.uwu.ac.lk/ircuwu2021/
Abstract / Full Paper Submission - 8th May 2021
Conference Dates - 1st 2nd July
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2. Open University of Sri Lanka
19th International Research Conference -OURC2021
https://ours.ou.ac.lk/
Abstract / Full Paper Submission - 31st May 2021
Conference Dates - 16th 17th September 2021
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3. University of Colombo Sri Lanka
16th International Research Conference -IRCMF2021
https://cutt.ly/YnItZAW
Abstract / Full Paper Submission - 14th June 2021
Conference Dates - 22nd October 2021
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4. General Sir John Kotalawala Defence University Sri Lanka
14th InterNational Research Conference - KDUIRC 2021
https://www.kdu.ac.lk/irc2021/
Abstract / Full Paper Submission - 18th June 2021
Conference Dates - 09th 10th September 2021
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5. Sabaragamuwa University Sri Lanka
8th Inter National Research Conference - ICSUSL 2021
http://www.icsusl.sab.ac.lk/
Abstract / Full Paper Submission - 30th June 2021
Conference Dates - 1st 3rd December 2021
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6. University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka
12th International Conference on Business and Information -
ICBI 2021
https://cutt.ly/EnIyvPO
Abstract / Full Paper Submission - 5th July 2021
Conference Dates - 11th November 2021
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7. University of Sri Jayewaredenapura Sri Lanka
18th International Conference on Business Management - ICBM
2021
http://icbm.sjp.ac.lk/
Abstract / Full Paper Submission - 15th August 2021
Conference Dates - 9th 10th December 2021

- Sri Lanka University Research Support-

Dear Researches,
Call for papers 18TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS MANAGEMENT (ICBM) | 2021

Theme: Managing in Crisis: Brace for Challenges Ahead to Ensure Sustainable Growth

We are pleased to announce that the 18th International Conference on Business Management (ICBM) organized by the Faculty of Management Studies and Commerce, University of Sri Jayewardenepura (USJ) under the above theme will be held on 9th and 10th of December 2021 in Colombo, Sri Lanka.

Please note that every scholar has the opportunity to publish their research papers in reputed journals recognized by Emerald Publishers. Five other reputed journals have partnered with the Conference to provide a wide array of publication opportunities to authors.

Please submit your full research papers to the Conference Management Portal http://icbm.sjp.ac.lk/icbm-paper-submission-management/ on or before 15th August 2021.
Along with the main Conference, a PhD colloquium and a business forum will also take place as briefed below.

PhD COLLOQUIUM
PhD students, representing both local and international universities, in the fields related to the Conference tracks are welcome to present their doctoral work-in-progress to a scholarly audience, with the expectation that both PhD students and the audience will be benefited from new knowledge.
Please submit your full papers to the Conference Management

Portal http://icbm.sjp.ac.lk/icbm-paper-submission-management/ on or before 30th July 2021.

BUSINESS FORUM WITH SAARC LEADERS’ FORUM
The Business Forum presents six existing corporate journeys through the pandemic as meticulously and scholastically developed case studies. The main purpose of the Business Forum is to publish and share cases on resilience strategies of the selected organizations during the COVID–19 pandemic which will be a collaborative effort involving both academics and industry participants. It will be held on 10th December 2021 from 3.30 pm to 5.30 pm at Hotel Galadari, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Running parallel to this is the SAARC Leaders Forum which will discuss the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the economies of the SAARC region, business organisations and their resilience strategies.
Please feel free to circulate this announcement among scholars within your circles.
For more information please visit the official website of the Conference, http://icbm.sjp.ac.lk/ and/or contact the organizing committee of the ICBM 2021 through [email protected].

What is plagiarism?
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Plagiarism is presenting someone else’s work or ideas as your own, with or without their consent, by incorporating it into your work without full acknowledgement. All published and unpublished material, whether in manuscript, printed or electronic form, is covered under this definition. Plagiarism may be intentional or reckless, or unintentional. Under the regulations for examinations, intentional or reckless plagiarism is a disciplinary offence.
The necessity to acknowledge others’ work or ideas applies not only to text, but also to other media, such as computer code, illustrations, graphs etc. It applies equally to published text and data drawn from books and journals, and to unpublished text and data, whether from lectures, thesis or other students’ essays. You must also attribute text, data, or other resources downloaded from websites.
The best way of avoiding plagiarism is to learn and employ the principles of good academic practice from the beginning of your university career. Avoiding plagiarism is not simply a matter of making sure your references are all correct, or changing enough words so the examiner will not notice your paraphrase; it is about deploying your academic skills to make your work as good as it can be.

FORMS OF PLAGIARISM

𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑚 (𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑑) 𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑙𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
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Quotations must always be identified as such by the use of either quotation marks or indentation, and with full referencing of the sources cited. It must always be apparent to the reader which parts are your own independent work and where you have drawn on someone else’s ideas and language.

𝐶𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑙𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
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Information derived from the Internet must be adequately referenced and included in the bibliography. It is important to evaluate carefully all material found on the Internet, as it is less likely to have been through the same process of scholarly peer review as published sources.

𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔
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Paraphrasing the work of others by altering a few words and changing their order, or by closely following the structure of their argument, is plagiarism if you do not give due acknowledgement to the author whose work you are using.
A passing reference to the original author in your own text may not be enough; you must ensure that you do not create the misleading impression that the paraphrased wording or the sequence of ideas are entirely your own. It is better to write a brief summary of the author’s overall argument in your own words, indicating that you are doing so, than to paraphrase particular sections of his or her writing. This will ensure you have a genuine grasp of the argument and will avoid the difficulty of paraphrasing without plagiarizing. You must also properly attribute all material you derive from lectures.

𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
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This can involve unauthorized collaboration between students, failure to attribute assistance received, or failure to follow precisely regulations on group work projects. It is your responsibility to ensure that you are entirely clear about the extent of collaboration permitted, and which parts of the work must be your own.

𝐼𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
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It is important to cite correctly, according to the conventions of your discipline. As well as listing your sources (i.e. in a bibliography), you must indicate, using a footnote or an in-text reference, where a quoted passage comes from.
Additionally, you should not include anything in your references or bibliography that you have not actually consulted. If you cannot gain access to a primary source you must make it clear in your citation that your knowledge of the work has been derived from a secondary text (for example, Bradshaw, D. Title of Book, discussed in Wilson, E., Title of Book (London, 2004), p. 189).

𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑙𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
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You must clearly acknowledge all assistance which has contributed to the production of your work, such as advice from fellow students, laboratory technicians, and other external sources. This need not apply to the assistance provided by your tutor or supervisor, or to ordinary proofreading, but it is necessary to acknowledge other guidance which leads to substantive changes of content or approach.
Use of material written by professional agencies or other persons
You should neither make use of professional agencies in the production of your work nor submit material which has been written for you even with the consent of the person who has written it. It is vital to your intellectual training and development that you should undertake the research process unaided.

𝐴𝑢𝑡𝑜-𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚
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You must not submit work for assessment that you have already submitted (partially or in full), either for your current course or for another qualification of this, or any other, university, unless this is specifically provided for in the special regulations for your course. Where earlier work by you is citable, i.e. it has already been published, you must reference it clearly. Identical pieces of work submitted concurrently will also be considered to be auto-plagiarism.

WHY DOES PLAGIARISM MATTER ?

Plagiarism is a breach of academic integrity. It is a principle of intellectual honesty that all members of the academic community should acknowledge their debt to the originators of the ideas, words, and data which form the basis for their own work. Passing off another’s work as your own is not only poor scholarship, but also means that you have failed to complete the learning process. Plagiarism is unethical and can have serious consequences for your future career; it also undermines the standards of your institution and of the degrees it issues.

WHY SHOULD YOU AVOID PLAGIARISM ?

There are many reasons to avoid plagiarism. You have come to university to learn to know and speak your own mind, not merely to reproduce the opinions of others - at least not without attribution. At first it may seem very difficult to develop your own views, and you will probably find yourself paraphrasing the writings of others as you attempt to understand and assimilate their arguments. However it is important that you learn to develop your own voice. You are not necessarily expected to become an original thinker, but you are expected to be an independent one - by learning to assess critically the work of others, weigh up differing arguments and draw your own conclusions. Students who plagiarize undermine the ethos of academic scholarship while avoiding an essential part of the learning process.
You should avoid plagiarism because you aspire to produce work of the highest quality. Once you have grasped the principles of source use and citation, you should find it relatively straightforward to steer clear of plagiarism. Moreover, you will reap the additional benefits of improvements to both the lucidity and quality of your writing. It is important to appreciate that mastery of the techniques of academic writing is not merely a practical skill, but one that lends both credibility and authority to your work, and demonstrates your commitment to the principle of intellectual honesty in scholarship.

WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU ARE THOUGHT TO HAVE PLAGIARIZED ?

The University regards plagiarism in examinations as a serious matter. Cases will be investigated and penalties may range from deduction of marks to expulsion from the University, depending on the seriousness of the occurrence. Even if plagiarism is inadvertent, it can result in a penalty. The forms of plagiarism listed above are all potentially disciplinary offences in the context of formal assessment requirements.
The regulations regarding conduct in examinations apply equally to the ‘submission and assessment of a thesis, dissertation, essay, or other coursework not undertaken in formal examination conditions but which counts towards or constitutes the work for a degree or other academic award’. Additionally, this includes the transfer and confirmation of status exercises undertaken by graduate students. Cases of suspected plagiarism in assessed work are investigated under the disciplinary regulations concerning conduct in examinations. Intentional plagiarism in this context means that you understood that you were breaching the regulations and did so intending to gain advantage in the examination. Reckless, in this context, means that you understood or could be expected to have understood (even if you did not specifically consider it) that your work might breach the regulations, but you took no action to avoid doing so. Intentional or reckless plagiarism may incur severe penalties, including failure of your degree or expulsion from the university.

DOES THIS MEAN THAT I SHOULDN’T USE THE WORK OF OTHER AUTHORS ?

On the contrary, it is vital that you situate your writing within the intellectual debates of your discipline. Academic essays almost always involve the use and discussion of material written by others, and, with due acknowledgement and proper referencing, this is clearly distinguishable from plagiarism. The knowledge in your discipline has developed cumulatively as a result of years of research, innovation and debate. You need to give credit to the authors of the ideas and observations you cite. Not only does this accord recognition to their work, it also helps you to strengthen your argument by making clear the basis on which you make it. Moreover, good citation practice gives your reader the opportunity to follow up your references, or check the validity of your interpretation.

DOES EVERY STATEMENT IN MY ESSAY HAVE TO BE BACKED UP WITH REFERENCES ?

You may feel that including the citation for every point you make will interrupt the flow of your essay and make it look very unoriginal. At least initially, this may sometimes be inevitable. However, by employing good citation practice from the start, you will learn to avoid errors such as close paraphrasing or inadequately referenced quotation. It is important to understand the reasons behind the need for transparency of source use.
All academic texts, even student essays, are multi-voiced, which means they are filled with references to other texts. Rather than attempting to synthesize these voices into one narrative account, you should make it clear whose interpretation or argument you are employing at any one time - whose ‘voice’ is speaking.
If you are substantially indebted to a particular argument in the formulation of your own, you should make this clear both in footnotes and in the body of your text according to the agreed conventions of the discipline, before going on to describe how your own views develop or diverge from this influence.
On the other hand, it is not necessary to give references for facts that are common knowledge in your discipline. If you are unsure as to whether something is considered to be common knowledge or not, it is safer to cite it anyway and seek clarification. You do need to document facts that are not generally known and ideas that are interpretations of facts.

UNINTENTIONAL PLAGIARISM

Not all cases of plagiarism arise from a deliberate intention to cheat. Sometimes students may omit to take down citation details when taking notes, or they may be genuinely ignorant of referencing conventions. However, these excuses offer no sure protection against a charge of plagiarism. Even in cases where the plagiarism is found to have been neither intentional nor reckless, there may still be an academic penalty for poor practice.
It is your responsibility to find out the prevailing referencing conventions in your discipline, to take adequate notes, and to avoid close paraphrasing. If you are offered induction sessions on plagiarism and study skills, you should attend. Together with the advice contained in your subject handbook, these will help you learn how to avoid common errors. If you are undertaking a project or dissertation you should ensure that you have information on plagiarism and collusion. If ever in doubt about referencing, paraphrasing or plagiarism, you have only to ask your tutor.

EXAMPLES OF PLAGIARISM

The following examples demonstrate some of the common pitfalls to avoid. These examples use the referencing system prescribed by the History Faculty but should be of use to students of all disciplines.

𝑺𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒆𝒙𝒕

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚 [ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛] 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝐼𝑛 𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑑, 𝑖𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦, 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 ‘𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑅𝑜𝑎𝑑’, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛 ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑡𝑦. 𝑌𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑒𝑑, 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑤 𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠, 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ‘𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑠’ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔-𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑛, 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒, 𝑜𝑏𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚 – 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑎𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑑.

(Linebaugh, P., The London Hanged: Crime and Civil Society in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1991), p. 213. [You should give the reference in full the first time you use it in a footnote; thereafter it is acceptable to use an abbreviated version, e.g. Linebaugh, The London Hanged, p. 213.]

𝑷𝒍𝒂𝒈𝒊𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒅

1. Although they did not question the in egalitarian hierarchy of their society, highwaymen became an essential part of the oppositional culture of working-class London, posing a serious threat to the formation of a biddable labor force. (This is a patchwork of phrases copied verbatim from the source, with just a few words changed here and there. There is no reference to the original author and no indication that these words are not the writer’s own.)
2. Although they did not question the in egalitarian hierarchy of their society, highwaymen exercised a powerful attraction for the working classes. Some historians believe that this hindered the development of a submissive workforce. (This is a mixture of verbatim copying and acceptable paraphrase. Although only one phrase has been copied from the source, this would still count as plagiarism. The idea expressed in the first sentence has not been attributed at all, and the reference to ‘some historians’ in the second is insufficient. The writer should use clear referencing to acknowledge all ideas taken from other people’s work.)

𝑵𝒐𝒏-𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒈𝒊𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒅

1. Peter Linebaugh argues that although highwaymen posed no overt challenge to social orthodoxy – they aspired to be known as ‘Gentlemen of the Road’ – they were often seen as anti-hero role models by the unruly working classes. He concludes that they were executed not only for their criminal acts, but in order to stamp out the threat of insubordinacy.1 (This paraphrase of the passage is acceptable as the wording and structure demonstrate the reader’s interpretation of the passage and do not follow the original too closely. The source of the ideas under discussion has been properly attributed in both textual and footnote references.)
2. Peter Linebaugh argues that highwaymen represented a powerful challenge to the mores of capitalist society and inspired the rebelliousness of London’s working class.1 (This is a brief summary of the argument with appropriate attribution.)
1 Linebaugh, P., The London Hanged: Crime and Civil Society in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1991), p. 213.

Reference - University of Oxford

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-Sri Lanka University Research Support-