EgyptologyLessons

Colossal statue of King Menkaura

🔹Menkaura (called Mycerinus by the Grecks) built the third and smallest pyramid at Giza. This statue, found in a temple at its base, is the largest sculpture known from Egypt’s Old Kingdom. The royal headdress (or nemes) Menkaura wears remained an icon of kingship in Egypt for the next 2,500 years. The cobra at his brow, called a uraeus, magically protected him from his enemies by wrapping itself around the royal brow and spitting its poisonous venom at the king’s enemies. Menkaura’s long straight beard, another symbol of royalty, was attached by means of a strap that was once painted on the statue’s head. In statues, kings (and noblemen) often hold implements, including scepters, walking sticks, or document cases; Menkaura holds a folded cloth.

🔹The king’s expression is one of regal composure and supreme control. With its slightly bulging eyes, bulbous nose, painted moustache (now barely visible), set mouth with pouting lower lip and firm chin, the face is distinctive, but whether or not it represents a true portrait of Menkaura can never be known. This is the face of a mature adult, although neither face nor body displays any signs of aging. It has often been remarked that the head is unusually small for the king’s body.

🔹This statue was broken up in antiquity, and archaeologists found the head and knees in different rooms. The remainder of the statue is a plaster reconstruction from the 1920s by an artist from the School of the Museum of Fine Arts. Many people have commented on the small size of the head compared to the shoulders. This discrepancy disappears when the statue is seen from below, as it would have been in its original location.

Location: Egypt (Giza, pyramid temple of Menkaura)
Period: Old Kingdom, Dynasty 4, reign of Menkaura, (2490-2472 BC).
Dimensions: Overall: 243.8 x 115.6 x 83.8 cm (96 x 45 1/2 x 33 in.).
Weight: approximately 5,000 lbs as restored.
Medium: Travertine (Egyptian alabaster)
Catalogue no: 09.204

𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬
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𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁

Seal of Office

Djedkare Isesi (known in Greek as Tancheres) was a pharaoh, the eighth and penultimate ruler of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt in the late 25th century to mid-24th century BC, during the Old Kingdom. Djedkare succeeded Menkauhor Kaiu and was in turn succeeded by Unas. His relationship to both of these pharaohs remain uncertain, although it is often conjectured that Unas was Djedkare's son, owing to the smooth transition between the two pharaohs.

Date: Old Kingdom, Dynasty 5, Reign of Djedkara Isesi (2381-2353 BC) Reportedly found in northwestern Anatolia
Medium: Gold
Provenance: Centennial Gift of Landon T. Clay, 1968
Catalogue no. 68.115

𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬
👉 𓋹𓊽𓋴𓆖𓎛𓇳𓎛𓏇𓇳𓏤
_______________ˁnḫ ḏd s ḏ.t nḥḥ mı͗ rˁ
‘Life, Stability, and Health Forever and
Eternity like Ra’
𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁



Date: Old Kingdom, Dynasty 5, Reign of Djedkara Isesi (2381-2353 BC) Reportedly found in northwestern Anatolia
Medium: Gold
Provenance: Centennial Gift of Landon T. Clay, 1968
Catalogue no. 68.115

𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬
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_______________ˁnḫ ḏd s ḏ.t nḥḥ mı͗ rˁ
‘Life, Stability, and Health Forever and
Eternity like Ra’
𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁

Lid of the sarcophagus of General Kheperra 𓆣𓂋𓂝

🔹During Dynasty 26, the ancient cemetery at Giza, most famous for its Old Kingdom pyramids built some 2,000 years earlier, experienced a revival as an elite burial place. Kheperra, an army general and Overseer of the Scribes of the King’s Navy, was among those buried in a cemetery east of the Great Pyramid.

🔹Huge, hard stone sarcophagi of anthropoid shape, not used since the New Kingdom, were once again in vogue. Kheperra’s is a fine example of this late form, very wide in relation to its height, with a disproportionately large head. Kheperra appears in the form of a wrapped body standing on a pedestal with a round flat face, large eyes, a broad nose, and full lips. The wig and beard associate the deceased with the god Osiris. The base of the sarcophagus is not on display because the gallery cannot support its weight.

🔸NOTE: 1. On the left shoulder is the kneeling figure of the goddess Isis as his protection (📸 8). 2. On the right shoulder is the kneeling figure of the goddess Nephthys as his protection (📸 9).

Date: Late Period, Dynasty 26, Reign of Amasis (570-526 BC)
Location: From Giza, G 7757
Dimensions: Overall: 76 x 108 x 226cm (29 15/16 x 42 1/2 x 89in.)
Medium: Greywacke
Provenance: Harvard University-Boston Museum of Fine Arts
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Expedition, 1930
Catalogue no. 30.834b

𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬
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_______________ˁnḫ ḏd s ḏ.t nḥḥ mı͗ rˁ
‘Life, Stability, and Health Forever and
Eternity like Ra’
𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁

The Triad of Penmeru 𓊪𓈖𓇋𓌸𓅱

🔹In April of 1912, the Harvard University-Boston Museum of Fine Arts Expedition excavated the tomb of a 5th-dynasty priest and “director of the dining pavilion” named Penmeru.

🔹The tomb’s plan was fairly simple, with a niche leading to a sealed statue chamber, known today as a serdab, that contained three sculptures. Two of them are in the Boston Museum, while the third is in Cairo.

🔹The purpose of these statues was to provide an image for the ka, or spirit, of the deceased to inhabit should his actual body somehow be destroyed. On the wall of the niche, Penmeru recorded a complex legal decree concerning provisions and personnel for his mortuary cult.

🔹The black and white photographs were taken during the excavation of these objects in April 1912. They show the two sculptures buried together in a tomb at the foot of the pyramids at Giza.

Date: Old Kingdom, 5th Dynasty (2465-2323 BC)
Medium: Limestone
Dimensions: 120 x 117 x 40 cm (approx. 47 x 46 x 15.6 inches) and weighing about 391 kg (863 lbs).
Catalogue no. 12.1504

𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬
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_______________ˁnḫ ḏd s ḏ.t nḥḥ mı͗ rˁ
‘Life, Stability, and Health Forever and
Eternity like Ra’
𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁

The Terrible of Face - A Negative Confession

🔹Terrible of Face is a minor god found in funerary texts.
He is thought to originate from Rosetjau, the realm of Osiris, otherwise known as the boundary of the sky. Rosetjau is a term commonly used as a designation for a sprawling necropolis (cemetery) or to describe the netherworld

🔹The disgruntled men thrash around as they destroy an ancestral funerary tomb with votive stele and food offerings. The god emerges, his face far too gruesome to show. He dons a wesekh collar with an elaborate menat counterpoise, and a blue faience pin of Bes. The god removes his silver mask, exposing the dreadful countenance that lies beneath. The wicked are condemned to terror as they behold the dreadful visage, which splits open to reveal a multitude of demonic hands and a blinding, mind-shattering white light.

From My Book “The 42 Negative Confessions” on Amazon (Softcover and e-Book): https://a.co/d/07rkQsHv
Artwork by

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👉 𓋹𓊽𓋴𓆖𓎛𓇳𓎛𓏇𓇳𓏤
_______________ˁnḫ ḏd s ḏ.t nḥḥ mı͗ rˁ
‘Life, Stability, and Health Forever and
Eternity like Ra’
𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁

Female Pharaohs, Royal Wives, Princesses, Royalty and Roman Empresses of Ancient Egyptian

𓋹𓊽𓋴𓆖𓎛𓇳𓎛

Here are 64 female rulers and royalty that span 3,500 years of ancient Egyptian history: (top left) Old Kingdom to (bottom right) Roman Period:

🔹Old Kingdom (2613-2181 BC): Heterpheres II - 4th Dynasty , Meresankh III - 4th Dynasty, Khamerernebty II - 4th Dynasty, Khentkaus I - 5th Dynasty, Khentkaus I - 5th Dynasty, Was Ankhesenpepi II - 6th dynasty

🔹Middle Kingdom (2130-1649 BC): Neferu II - 11th Dynasty, Ashayet - 11th Dynasty, Kemsit - 11th Dynasty, Khenemetneferhedjet II - 12th, Nofret II - 12th Dynasty, Sithathoriunet - 12th Dynasty, Sobekneferu - 12th Dynasty

🔹Second Intermediate Period (1725-1550 BC): Ahhotep I - 17th Dynasty, Sitdjehuti - 17th Dynasty, Ahhotep II - 17th Dynasty

🔹New Kingdom (1550-1077 BC): Ahmose-Nefertari - 18th Dynasty, Ahmose-Meritamun - 18th Dynasty, Hatshepsut -18th Dynasty, Tiaa- 18th Dynasty, Tiye 18th Dynasty, Nefertiti - 18th Dynasty, Kiya - 18th Dynasty, Meritaten - 18th Dynasty, Ankhsenamun - 18th Dynasty, Mutnedjmet - 18th Dynasty, Tuya - 19th Dynasty, Nefertari - 19th Dynasty, Henutmire - 19th Dynasty, Meritamen - 19th Dynasty, Bintanath - 19th Dynasty, Nebettawy - 19th Dynasty, Isetnofret II - 19th Dynasty, Tausret - 19th Dynasty, Tiy-Merenese - 20th Dynasty

🔹Third Intermediate Period (1069-656 BC): Nodjmet- 21st Dynasty, Neskhons - 21st Dynasty, Duathathor-Henuttawy - 21st Dynasty, Shepensodet - 22nd Dynasty, Maatkare - 22nd Dynasty, Nesinebtasheru - 22nd Dynasty, Djedbastiusankh - 22nd Dynasty, Nefrukekashta - 25th Dynasty, Qalhata - 25th Dynasty

🔹Late Period (664-332 BC): Khedebneithirbinet I - 26th Dysnaty, Ankhnesneferibre - 26th Dysnaty, Atossa - 27th Dynasty

🔹Ptolemaic/Hellenistic Period (332-30 BC): Berenice I, Arsinoe I, Arainoe II, Berenice III, Arsinoe III, Cleopatra I, Cleopatra II, Cleopatra III, Cleopatra V, Berenice IV, Cleopatra VII

🔹Roman Period (30 BC-313 AD): Livia Drusilla, Julia the Elder, Junia Claudilla, Plautia Urgulanilla, Claudia Octavia, Flavia Domitilla the Elder

𓋹𓊽𓋴𓆖𓎛𓇳𓎛

The Outer Gilded Coffin of Tutankhamun - Division of Hieroglyphic Text and Translation.

🔸It has taken a bit of effort to translate the hieroglyphs, the text is an assemblage from many sources (Book of the Dead and Coffin Text). Also, much of the words are abbreviated and the phraseology is broken at times. If you are in the Grand Egyptian Museum, take a moment to read the text and feel proud about yourself for being able to do so.

🔹The heavy wooden anthropoid coffin of Osiride form, covered with gesso and gilt with thin gold-foil. The headdress is of the pleated linen type. The sarcophagus partially covers a ceremonial wig. The ends of the wig are bare and are represented in high relief falling over the front of the shoulders. The linen headdress is decorated with a low relief chevron pattern which radiate to the crown of the head. Upon the forehead, in the round, are the emblems: the vulture of Upper Egypt (Nekhbet), the uraeus of Lower Egypt (Wadjet). The vulture is covered with thin sheet gold, having a bill of ebony and eyes of obsidian.

Dimensions:
L. 223.5 (7’4”); W. 83.8 (2’9”); H. at feet, 108.5 (3’ 6 3/4”)
Medium: Gilded wood, inlaid with stones (glass, lapis, carnelian, obsidian and turquoise)
Period: New Kingdom (18th Dynasty,
ca. 1342 BC – 1323 BC).
GEM Number: 7590

Translation Supportive Material and Source: The Shrines of Tut-Ankh-Amon by Piankoff, Alexandre (https://archive.org/details/shrinesoftutankh00pian/mode/1up)

𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬𓋹𓎬
👉 𓋹𓊽𓋴𓆖𓎛𓇳𓎛𓏇𓇳𓏤
_______________ˁnḫ ḏd s ḏ.t nḥḥ mı͗ rˁ
‘Life, Stability, and Health Forever and
Eternity like Ra’
𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁𓊁