25/07/2017
Using X-rays to See Through DNA
Watson and Crick used stick-and-ball models to test their ideas on the possible structure of DNA. Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins used X-ray diffraction to understand the physical structure of the DNA molecule. When you shine X-rays on any kind of crystal, the invisible rays bounce off the sample. The rays then create complex patterns on photographic film. By looking at the patterns, it is possible to figure out important clues about the structures that make up the crystal.
Many voices have argued that the Nobel Prize also should have been awarded to Rosalind Franklin, since her experimental data provided a very important piece of evidence leading to the solving of the DNA structure. In an interview in Scientific American, Watson himself suggested that it might have been a good idea to give Wilkins and Franklin the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and him and Crick the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – in that way all four would have been honored.
Rosalind Franklin died in 1958. As a rule only living persons can be nominated for the Nobel Prize, so the 1962 Nobel Prize was out of the question. Franklin was never nominated and Watson, Crick and Wilkins was nominated for the first time in 1960 by Nobel Laureate Lawrence Bragg.
Photos: Rosalind Franklin, ca. 1950s, born 25 July 1920, "Photograph 51" B-form x-ray photograph of DNA, taken by Raymond Gosling while working under Rosalind Franklin, 1952, original model of the structure of DNA, 1953, Source: http://library.cshl.edu/archives/