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06/10/2026

CFM to M3 conversion


CFM (Cubic Feet per Minute) can be converted to m³/min using:
1 CFM = 0.02832 m³/min

🔹 Formula:
m³/min = CFM × 0.02832

🔹 Example:
500 CFM × 0.02832 = 14.16 m³/min
👉 So, 500 CFM = 14.16 m³/min.

06/10/2026

Difference between unit: CFM & M3


CFM vs m³ — Difference

CFM (Cubic Feet per Minute) is a flow rate unit. It tells how much air/gas flows in one minute.

m³ (Cubic Meter) is a volume unit. It tells the quantity/volume of space occupied by air or gas.

🔹 Example:
100 m³ = volume of gas
100 m³/min = gas flow rate
1 m³ = 35.315 ft³
1 m³/min ≈ 35.315 CFM

👉 Important: CFM and m³ are not directly comparable because CFM is flow rate, while m³ is volume.

06/10/2026

Unit Conversion for AREA


Area conversion means changing the measurement of a surface from one unit to another.

1 m² = 10,000 cm²
1 m² = 1,000,000 mm²
1 ft² = 0.0929 m²
1 m² = 10.764 ft²
1 hectare (ha) = 10,000 m²
1 acre = 4,046.86 m²

🔹 Example:
5 m² = 5 × 10,000 = 50,000 cm²
Easy rule:
For area, the conversion factor is squared because area = length × length.

06/10/2026

Evaporation Loss in Cooling Tower


Evaporation loss is the amount of circulating water that evaporates into the atmosphere while removing heat from the cooling tower.

Formula:
Evaporation Loss (m³/h) ≈ Circulating Water Flow × Cooling Range × 0.001 × 1.8

Example:
Water flow = 600 m³/h
Hot water = 35°C
Cold water = 30°C
Cooling Range = 5°C
Evaporation Loss ≈ 600 × 5 × 0.001 × 1.8
👉 ≈ 5.4 m³/h

So, approximately 5.4 m³ of water per hour is lost by evaporation.

Key Point: Higher water flow or higher cooling range (ΔT) → higher evaporation loss.

05/10/2026

Unit conversion for LENGTH


1 km = 1,000 m
1 m = 100 cm
1 m = 1,000 mm
1 cm = 10 mm
1 inch = 25.4 mm
1 ft = 12 inches = 304.8 mm
1 yard = 3 ft = 0.9144 m
1 mile = 1.609 km
🔹 Example:
2.5 m = 2.5 × 1,000 = 2,500 mm
Easy rule: Bigger unit → smaller unit = Multiply
Smaller unit → bigger unit = Divide

05/10/2026

Heat Load Calculation with Example


Suppose:
Water flow = 600 m³/h
Hot water = 35°C
Cold water = 30°C
ΔT = 35 − 30 = 5°C
Heat Load = 600 × 5 × 1.163
👉 Heat Load = 3,489 kW
Convert to TR:
TR = 3,489 ÷ 3.517 = ≈ 992 TR
✅ Cooling tower heat rejection ≈ 3,489 kW or 992 TR.

05/10/2026

Heat Load Calculation


Heat load is the total amount of heat that must be removed by the cooling system to maintain desired temperature.

In simple words: How much heat your room / process / equipment generates, that your AC or chiller has to remove.

One-liner Formula
Heat Load (kW) = Mass flow × Specific heat × Temperature difference

For water: Q = m × cp × ΔT

04/10/2026

COOLING TOWER TYPES — CLASSIFICATION & WORKING PRINCIPLE 💧


Cooling towers are classified based on airflow, air circulation, and construction design.

1. Based on Air Circulation
Natural Draft Cooling Tower: Uses natural air movement due to temperature and density differences. No fan is required.

Mechanical Draft Cooling Tower: Uses fans to circulate air.
Induced Draft: Fan is located at the top and pulls air through the tower.
Forced Draft: Fan is located at the air inlet and pushes air through the tower.

2. Based on Airflow Direction
Crossflow Cooling Tower: Air flows horizontally across the falling water.

Counterflow Cooling Tower: Air flows upward, opposite to the downward flow of water.

3. Based on Construction
Open Circuit Cooling Tower: Water directly contacts air for evaporative cooling.
Closed Circuit Cooling Tower: Process fluid flows through a coil, while spray water and air remove heat from the coil.

Key Point:
Most industrial cooling towers use mechanical induced-draft designs, as they provide effective heat removal with controlled airflow.

04/10/2026

Working Principle of Cooling Tower


Working Principle of a Cooling Tower
A cooling tower works on the principle of evaporative cooling, where a small portion of hot circulating water evaporates and removes heat from the remaining water.

04/10/2026

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A DRY CORE FILTER GETS CHOKED? ⚠️❄️


When a dry core filter gets choked, refrigerant flow is restricted, causing a pressure drop across the filter.

⚠️ Effects:
❄️ Reduced refrigerant flow.
📉 Pressure drop across the filter increases.
🌡️ Evaporator cooling capacity decreases.
⚡ Compressor efficiency may reduce.
🚨 Low suction pressure and possible compressor trip.

🔧 Solution: Check the temperature difference across the filter and replace the clogged filter core if required.

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