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1. Introduction to Artificial Intelligence: A Beginner’s Guide
Today’s Class 28/12/2025

1. Introduction to Artificial Intelligence: A Beginner’s Guide This session introduces the fundamentals of Artificial Intelligence in a simple and intuitive way. Designed for beginners with no prior background, it covers...

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🪙 Chronology of Money System: From Barter to Bitcoin

1️⃣ Barter System (Prehistoric period)

🔹 Earliest form of exchange
🔹 Goods were exchanged for goods
🔹 No common measure of value

Problem:
❌ Double coincidence of wants
❌ No store of value

Two people exchanging grain ↔ cattle

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2️⃣ Commodity Money (c. 3000 BCE)

🔹 Certain commodities used as money
🔹 Examples: cattle, salt, shells, grains

✔ Accepted by society
❌ Perishable, bulky

Cow, salt bag, shells

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3️⃣ Metallic Money (c. 700 BCE)

🔹 Coins made of gold, silver, copper
🔹 First coins in Lydia (Asia Minor)

✔ Durable
✔ Uniform value
❌ Limited supply

Ancient coins

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4️⃣ Paper Money (7th century CE – China)

🔹 First used in China (Tang & Song dynasties)
🔹 Later adopted globally
🔹 Issued by governments

✔ Easy to carry
✔ Divisible

Old paper currency note

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5️⃣ Bank Money / Credit Money (17th century onwards)

🔹 Money stored in banks
🔹 Includes:
• Cheques
• Demand deposits

✔ Safe
✔ Convenient for large transa

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