JK StudyPulse

CYANOSIS
• Cyanosis is → Bluish discoloration of skin/lips/nails
• Main cause → Low oxygen in blood
• Commonly seen in → Heart / lung diseases
• Central cyanosis affects → Lips / tongue
• Peripheral cyanosis affects → Fingers / toes
• Common symptom associated → Breathlessness
• Severe hypoxia may lead to → Cyanosis
• Cyanosis is a → Clinical sign, not a disease
• Normal oxygen problem related term → Hypoxemia
• Emergency severe cyanosis needs → Immediate medical attention
• Common visible site in exams → Lips / nail beds
• Cyanosis indicates → Poor oxygenation

IODINE
• Iodine is a → Essential mineral
• Main function → Thyroid hormone production
• Thyroid hormones → T3 (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine)
• Iodine deficiency causes → Goitre
• Severe deficiency in fetus/child may cause → Cretinism
• Source of iodine → Iodized salt
• Other sources → Seafood / dairy / eggs
• Iodine is important for → Growth and brain development
• Deficiency may cause → Hypothyroidism
• Thyroid gland is located in → Neck
• Excess iodine may also affect → Thyroid function
• Common prevention of deficiency → Iodized salt use

FERTILISATION
• Fertilisation is the → Fusion of s***m and o**m
• Result of fertilisation → Zygote
• Fertilisation usually occurs in → Fallopian tube (ampulla)
• Male gamete → S***m
• Female gamete → O**m
• Human chromosome number in s***m → 23
• Human chromosome number in o**m → 23
• Chromosome number after fertilisation → 46
• Cell division after fertilisation → Cleavage
• Implantation occurs in → Uterus
• Early embryo stage → Blastocyst
• Fertilisation starts → Pregnancy

BONE
• Bone is a → Connective tissue
• Total bones in adult human → 206
• Total bones in newborn → About 270
• Longest bone in body → Femur
• Smallest bone in body → Stapes
• Strongest bone in body → Femur
• Largest facial bone → Mandible
• Collar bone is called → Clavicle
• Kneecap is called → Patella
• Bone-forming cells → Osteoblasts
• Bone-resorbing cells → Osteoclasts
• Bone marrow helps in → Blood cell formation
• Bone weakness disease → Osteoporosis

MEMORY
• Memory is the → Ability to store and recall information
• Short-term memory duration → Seconds to minutes
• Long-term memory duration → Days to lifetime
• Memory center of brain → Hippocampus
• Temporary memory is called → Short-term memory
• Loss of memory → Amnesia
• Severe memory disorder → Dementia
• Age-related memory decline may occur in → Elderly
• Vitamin deficiency affecting memory → Vitamin B12 deficiency
• Brain disease affecting memory → Alzheimer’s disease
• Memory helps in → Learning and recall
• Forgetfulness may worsen with → Stress / sleep deprivation

S***M
• S***m is the → Male reproductive cell (gamete)
• S***m is produced in → Te**es
• Site of s***m formation → Seminiferous tubules
• S***m maturation occurs in → Epididymis
• S***m carries → 23 chromosomes
• S***m helps in → Fertilization
• Head of s***m contains → Nucleus
• Cap of s***m head → Acrosome
• S***m tail helps in → Movement
• Energy source for s***m → Mitochondria (middle piece)
• Male s*x hormone involved → Testosterone
• Normal semen contains → Millions of s***m
• Fusion of s***m and o**m forms → Zygote

PCOS
• PCOS stands for → Polycystic O***y Syndrome
• PCOS is a → Hormonal disorder
• Commonly affects → Women of reproductive age
• Common symptom → Irregular periods
• Excess hair growth is called → Hirsutism
• Acne may occur in → PCOS
• Weight gain can be associated with → PCOS
• Multiple ovarian follicles may be seen on → Ultrasound
• Fertility problems may occur in → PCOS
• Hormone often increased → Androgens
• Insulin resistance may be associated with → PCOS
• Lifestyle management often helps → Diet + exercise

BABY
• Newborn baby is called → Neonate
• Neonatal period → First 28 days
• Normal birth weight → 2.5–4 kg
• First milk for baby → Colostrum
• Colostrum is rich in → Antibodies
• First stool of newborn → Meconium
• Soft spot on baby head → Fontanelle
• Normal newborn heart rate → 120–160/min
• Normal newborn breathing rate → 30–60/min
• Baby born before 37 weeks → Premature baby
• Full-term baby → 37–42 weeks
• Yellow skin in newborn → Neonatal jaundice
• Common vaccines at birth → BCG / OPV / Hepatitis B

• Gums are also called → Gingiva
• Gums help in → Supporting teeth
• Inflammation of gums → Gingivitis
• Bleeding gums commonly seen in → Vitamin C deficiency (Scurvy)
• Gum infection may lead to → Periodontitis
• Healthy gums are usually → Pink and firm
• Swollen gums may indicate → Infection / poor oral hygiene
• Gum bleeding can occur with → Brushing / gum disease
• Pus in gums may suggest → Dental infection
• Gums are part of → Oral cavity
• Gum recession means → Pulling back of gum tissue
• Oral hygiene helps prevent → Gum disease

TETANY
• Tetany is a → Condition of involuntary muscle spasms/cramps
• Common cause → Low calcium level (Hypocalcemia)
• Classic symptom → Muscle twitching / painful spasms
• Hand spasm posture → Carpopedal spasm
• Facial nerve sign → Chvostek’s sign
• BP cuff-induced hand spasm → Trousseau’s sign
• May occur in → Vitamin D deficiency
• Severe tetany may affect → Breathing muscles
• Related electrolyte issue → Low magnesium (sometimes)
• Tetany is different from → Tetanus
• Emergency severe case needs → Medical attention
• Common exam association → Calcium deficiency

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