Super50 competitive Academy Raipur CG

Famous Books writers

According to the letter L,M,N,O,P

Lajja - Taslima Nasreen
Lalit Bihar - Ashwa Ghosh
Life Divine - Aurobindo Ghosh
Madhushala - Harivansh Rai Bachchan
Mahabhashya - Patanjali
Man and Superman - G. B. Shaw
Marali Mannige - Kota SHivaram Karanth
Midnight Children - Salman Rushdi
Mitakshara - Vijnaneswara
Modernization of Indian Tradition - Yogendra Singh
Mother - Maxim Gorkay
Mother India - Katharin Mayo
Murder in Cathedral - Elliot
My Country My Life - Lal Krishna Advani
My Experiments With Truth - M. K. Gandhi
My Indian Years - Lord Hardinge II
My Journey - DR. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
My Music, My Love - Ravi Shankar
Myth of Independence - Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Neel Darpan - Dinbandhu Mitra
Netaji Dead or Alive - Samar Guha
New Dimensions of India's Foreign Policy - A. B. Vajpayee
New India - Annie Besant
Nikanthi Broja - Indira Goswami
One Night @ the Call Centre - Chetan Bhagat
One Straw Revolution - Masanobu Fukuoka
Padma Nadir Majhi - Manik Bandopadhyay
Pakhtoon - Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
Palli Samaj - Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay
Paradise Lost - John Milton
Paraja - Gopinath Mohanty
Parimal - Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala'
Parineeta - Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay
Pather Panchali - Bibhuti BHushan Bandopadhaye
Pather Panchali - Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay
Pathummayude Aadu - Vaikom Mohammed Basheer
Philosophic Zoologique - Jean Baptiste Lamarck
Poverty & Un-British Rule in India - Dadabhai Naoroji
Pratham Pratisruti - Ashapurna Devi
Precepts of Jesus - Ram Mohan Roy
Pride and Prejudice - Jane Austen
Principles of Sociology - Herbert Spencer
Prison Diary - Jay Prakash Narayan
Problems of the East - Lord Curzon
Putul Nacher Itikatha - Manik Bandopadhyay

International Gandhi Peace Prize
The Government of India launched the International Gandhi Peace Prize in1995 on the occasion of the 125th anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. It is a very prestigious Award and carries an amount of 10 million rupees, a citation and a Plaque. The Award is selected by a Jury under the Chairmanship of the Prime Minister.
This is an annual award given to individuals and institutions for their outstanding contributions towards social, economic and political transformation through non-violence and other Gandhian methods for amelioration of human suffering particularly of the less privileged sections of the society, contributing social justice and harmony.
Year Recepient Country Work Details
2013 Chandi Prasad Bhatt India Environmentalist, social activist and pioneer of the Chipko movement
2005 Desmond Tutu South Africa South African cleric and activist
2004 Coretta Scott King USA Activist and civil rights leader. Wife of Martin Luther King.
2003 Václav Havel Czech Republic Last President of Czechoslovakia and first President of the Czech Republic
2002 Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan India Educational trust that emphasises Indian culture
2001 John Hume Northern Ireland Northern Irish Politician
2000 Nelson Mandela
Grameen Bank of Bangladesh South Africa
Bangladesh Former President of South Africa
Founded by Muhammad Yunus
1999 Dr Murlidhar Devidas Amte (Baba Amte) India Social worker, known particularly for his work for the rehabilitation and empowerment of poor people suffering from leprosy
1998 Ramakrishna Mission India Founded by Swami Vivekananda for promoting social welfare, tolerance, and non-violence among disadvantaged groups
1997 Gerhard Fischer Germany German diplomat, recognised for his work against leprosy and polio
1996 A. T. Ariyaratne Sri Lanka Founder of Sarvodaya Shramadana Movement
1995 Julius Nyerere Tanzania First President of Tanzania

Awards and Honours

Bharatiya Gyanpith Awards (Jnanpith Award)
On 22nd May, 1961, the fiftieth birthday of Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain, the founder of the Bharatiya Jnanpith, members of his family thought that some unique scheme, commanding national prestige and of international standard, should be started in literary or cultural field. Consequently, when on 16th September, 1961, the Board of Trustees was considering matters relating to the 'Rashtrabharati Granthamala', which brings out Hindi translations of outstanding works of other Indian languages, Smt. Rama Jain, the Founder President of the Jnanpith, queried whether it was possible to select the best book out of the publications in Indian languages for a big award.
A discussion on the question was initiated by Smt. Rama Jain herself when she invited some of the leading litterateurs at her residence in Calcutta on 22nd November, 1961. Kaka Kalelkar, Harivansh Rai 'Bachchan', Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar', Jainendra Kumar, Jagdish Chandra Mathur, Prabhakar Machwe, Akshaya Kumar Jain and Lakshmi Chandra Jain discussed various aspects of the idea. Two days later, a primary plan was presented by Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain to Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the President of India, who liked the idea greatly and promised to help in its implementation.
Winners of Gyanpith Awards
Year Name Works Language
2013 Kedarnath Singh For his notable contribution to Hindi literature. ‘Abhi bilkul abhi’ and ‘Yahan se dekho’ are among his prominent works

‘Abhi bilkul abhi’ and ‘Yahan se dekho’ are among his prominent works - See more at: http://www.onlinegk.com/current-affairs/current-affairs-june-2014 .QTmHJyfr.dpuf
Hindi
2012 Ravuri Bharadhwaja For his notable contribution to Telugu literature Telugu
2011 Pratibha Ray Yajnaseni Oriya
2010 Chandrashekhara Kambara For his contributions to Kannada literature Kannada
2009 Amar Kant For his contribution in Hindi literature Hindi
2009 Sri Lal Sukla For his contribution in Hindi literature Hindi
2008 Akhlaq Mohammed Khan 'Shahryar' For his contribution in Urdu literature Urdu
2007 O. N. V. Kurup For his contributions to Malayalam literature Malayalam
2006 Ravindra Kelekar For his contribution in Konkani literature Konkani
2006 Satya Vrat Shastri For his contribution in Sanskrit literature Sanskrit
2005 Kunwar Narayan For overall contribution in Hindi literature Hindi
2004 Rehman Rahi Subhuk Soda, Kalami Rahi and Siyah Rode Jaren Manz Kashmiri
2003 Vinda Karandikar For his contributions to Marathi literature Marathi
2002 D. Jayakanthan For his contribution in Tamil literature Tamil
2001 Rajendra Shah For his contribution in Gujarati literature Gujarati
2000 Indira Goswami For writing about the subalterns and marginalised &contribution in Assamese literature Assamese
1999 Nirmal Verma For his contribution in Hindi literature Hindi
1999 Gurdial Singh For his contribution in Punjabi literature Punjabi
1998 Girish Karnad For his contributions to Kannada literature and for contributions to Kannada theatre (Yayati) Kannada
1997 Ali Sardar Jafri For his contribution in Urdu literature Urdu
1996 Mahasweta Devi Hajar Churashir Maa Bengali
1995 M. T. Vasudevan Nair For his contributions to Malayalam literature Malayalam
1994 U. R. Ananthamurthy For his contributions to Kannada literature Kannada
1993 Sitakant Mahapatra For outstanding contribution to the enrichment of Indian literature, 1973–92 Oriya
1992 Naresh Mehta For his contribution in Hindi literature Hindi
1991 Subhas Mukhopadhyay Padatik (The Foot Soldier) Bengali
1990 V. K. Gokak (Vinayaka Krishna Gokak) Bharatha Sindhu Rashmi Kannada
1989 Qurratulain Hyder Akhire Shab Ke Humsafar Urdu
1988 C. Narayana Reddy Viswambhara Telugu
1987 Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar (Kusumagraj) For his contributions to Marathi literature Marathi
1986 Sachidananda Routray For his contribution in Oriya literature Oriya
1985 Pannalal Patel Maanavi Ni Bhavaai Gujarati
1984 Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai Kayar (Coir) Malayalam
1983 Masti Venkatesha Iyengar Chikkaveera Rajendra (Life and struggle of Kodava King Chikkaveera Rajendra) Kannada
1982 Mahadevi Varma Yama Hindi
1981 Amrita Pritam Kagaj te Canvas Punjabi
1980 S. K. Pottekkatt Oru Desathinte Katha (Story of a Land) Malayalam
1979 Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya Mrityunjay (Immortal) Assamese
1978 Sachchidananda Vatsyayan Kitni Navon Men Kitni Bar (How many times in how many boats?) Hindi
1977 K. Shivaram Karanth Mookajjiya Kanasugalu (Mookajjis dreams) Kannada
1976 Ashapurna Devi Pratham Pratisruti Bengali
1975 P. V. Akilan Chitttrappavai Tamil
1974 Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar Yayati Marathi
1973 Dattatreya Ramachandra Bendre Nakutanti(Four Strings) Kannada
1973 Gopinath Mohanty Matimatal Oriya
1972 Ramdhari Singh Dinkar Urvashi Hindi
1971 Bishnu Dey Smriti Satta Bhavishyat Bengali
1970 Viswanatha Satyanarayana Ramayana Kalpavrukshamu (A resourceful tree:Ramayana) Telugu
1969 Firaq Gorakhpuri Gul-e-Naghma Urdu
1968 Sumitranandan Pant Chidambara Hindi
1967 Kuppali Venkatappagowda Puttappa (Kuvempu) Sri Ramayana Darshanam Kannada
1967 Umashankar Joshi Nish*tha Gujarati
1966 Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay Ganadevta Bengali
1965 G. Sankara Kurup Odakkuzhal (Flute) Malayalam

Latest Current Affairs Current Events for June 2014 - onlinegk.com Current Affairs June 2014, Latest Current Affairs, National Current Affairs, Sports Current Affairs 2014, International Current Affairs

Famous Books writers

According to the letter G,H,I,J,K
Ganadebota - Tarashankar Bandopadhyay
Gathering Strom - Churchil
Gaurdbaho - Bakpatiraj
Getting India Back on Track - Bibek Debroy and Ashley Tellis
Ghasiram Kotwal - Vijay Tendulkar
Ghulam Giri - Jyotiba Phule
Global Crisis Recession and Uneven Recovery - Y.B. Reddy
God of Small Things - Arundhati Roy
Golden Gate - Vikram Seth
Goodbye Shahzadi - Shyam Bhatia
Grand Delusions : A Short of Biography of Kolkata - Indrajit Hazare
Great Indian and Their Landmark Speeches - Manohar and Sarita Prabhakar
Guide - R. K. Narayanan
Hajar Churashir Ma - Mahasweta Devi
Hero of Nymph - Aurobindo Ghosh
Hind Swaraj - M. K. Gandhi
Hindu View of Life - S. Radhakrishnan
Historica - Herodotus
I follow the Mahatma - K. M. Munshi
I Shall Not Hear the Nightingale - Khushwant Singh
I Van Ho - Walter Scot
Idris: Keeper of the Light - Anita Nair
Ignited Minds - Unleashing the power within India - DR. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
In an Antique Land - Amitabh Ghosh
India 2020 - A Vision for the New Millennium - DR. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
India Divided - Rajendra Prashad
India for A Billion Reasons - Amit Dasgupta
India Wins Freedom - Abdul Kalam Azad
Indian Epigraphy - D. C. Sircar
Indian Village - S. C. Dube
Indian war and Independence - D. V. Savarkar
Indica - Megasthenis
Infinite Jest - David Foster Wallace
Inheritance of Loss - Kiran Desai
Interpreter of Maldives - Jhumpa Lahiri
Jalsaghar - Tarashankar Bandopadhyay
Jhara Palak - Jibanananda Das
Jinnah- India, Partition, Independence - Jaswant Singh
Jungle Book - R. Kippling
Kanterbary Tells - Geofray Chosar
Kayar - Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai
Khasakinite Ithihaasam - O. V. Vijayan
Kidnapped - Stevenson
Kitne Navon Men Kitni Bar - Ajneya
Krishnakali - Shivani
Kubla Khan - Coleridge
Kudyozhikkal - Vailoppilli Sreedhara Menon
Kurukku - Faustina Bama

Indian Constitution

Fundamental Rights

Article 12 :Definition - In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, "the State" includes the Government and Parliament of India and the Government and the Legislature of each of the States and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India
Article 13 : Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights -
1. All laws in force in the territory of India immediately before the commencement of this Constitution, in so far as they are inconsistent with the provisions of this Part, shall, to the extent of such inconsistency, be void.
2. The State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the rights conferred by nd any law made in contravention of this clause shall, to the extent of the contravention, be void.
3. In this article, unless the context otherwise requires,
a. "law" includes any Ordinance, order, bye-law, rule, regulation, notification, custom or usage having in the territory of India the force of law
b. "laws in force" includes laws passed or made by a Legislature or other competent authority in the territory of India before the commencement of this Constitution and not previously repealed, notwithstanding that any such law or any part thereof may not be then in operation either at all or in particular areas.
4. Nothing in this article shall apply to any amendment of this Constitution made under article 368. (Inserted by the Constitution through Twenty-fourth Amendment in 1971)
Right to Equality
Article 14 : Equality before law - The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.
Article 15 : Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, s*x or place of birth.
Article 16 : Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
Article 17 : Abolition of Untouchability - "Untouchability" is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of "Untouchability" shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.
Article 18 : Abolition of titles -
1. No title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State.
2. No citizen of India shall accept any title from any foreign State.
3. No person who is not a citizen of India shall, while he holds any office of profit or trust under the State, accept without the consent of the President any title from any foreign State.
4. No person holding any office of profit or trust under the State shall, without the consent of the President, accept any present, emolument, or office of any kind from or under any foreign State.
Right to Freedom
Article 19 : Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc. All citizens shall have the right -
a. To freedom of speech and expression
b. To assemble peaceably and without arms
c. To form associations or unions or co-operative societies
d. To move freely throughout the territory of India
e. To reside and settle in any part of the territory of India
f. To practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.
Article 20 : Protection in respect of conviction for offences.
1. No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the Act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence.
2. No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once.
3. No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
Article 21 : Protection of life and personal liberty - No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.
Article 21A : Right to education - The State shall provide free and Compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may, by law, determine.
Article 22 : Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.

Right against Exploitation
Article 23 : Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.
1. Traffic in human beings and begar and other similar forms of forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.
2. Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from imposing compulsory service for public purposes, and in imposing such service the State shall not make any discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste or class or any of them.
Article 24 : Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc. - No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment.

Right to Freedom of Religion
Article 25 : Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.
1. Subject to public order, morality and health and to the other provisions of this Part, all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practise and propagate religion.
2. Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the State from making any law:-
a. Regulating or restricting any economic, financial, political or other secular activity which may be associated with religious practice
b. Providing for social welfare and reform or the throwing open of Hindu religious institutions of a public character to all classes and sections of Hindus.
Article 26 : Freedom to manage religious affairs. Subject to public order, morality and health, every religious denomination or any section thereof shall have the right -
a. To establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes
b. To manage its own affairs in matters of religion
c. To own and acquire movable and immovable property
d. To administer such property in accordance with law
Article 27 : Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion. No person shall be compelled to pay any taxes, the proceeds of which are specifically appropriated in payment of expenses for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious denomination.
Article 28 : Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions.

Cultural and Educational Rights
Article 29 : Protection of interests of minorities -
1. Any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any part thereof having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same.
2. No citizen shall be denied admission into any educational institution maintained by the State or receiving aid out of State funds on grounds only of religion, race, caste, language or any of them.
Article 30 : Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.
Article 31 : Compulsory acquisition of property.
Article 31A : Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc.
Article 31B : Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.
Article 31C : Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles.
Article 31D : Saving of laws in respect of anti-national activities.

Right to Constitutional Remedies
Article 32 : Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part.
Article 32A : Constitutional validity of State laws not to be considered in proceedings under article 32.
Article 33 : Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc.
Article 34 : Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area.
Article 35 :Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part.

Biology
Vitamins And Their Significance To A Human Body

What are vitamins?
A vitamin is one of a group of organic substances, present in minute amounts in natural foodstuffs, that are essential to normal metabolism;insufficient amounts in the diet may cause deficiency diseases.
Vitamins are divided into two groups: (i) Fat-soluble Vitamins - Vitamins A, D, E and K are fat-soluble (ii) Water-soluble Vitamins - Vitamins C and all the B vitamins are water-soluble.
Vitamin A (Chemical Name: Retinol)
Vitamin A plays an important role in bone growth, tooth development, reproduction, cell division, gene expression, and regulation of the immune system. The skin, eyes, and mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, throat and lungs depend on vitamin A to remain moist. Vitamin A is also an important antioxidant that may play a role in the prevention of certain cancers.
Source: liver, cod liver oil, carrot, broccoli, sweet potato, butter, kale, spinach, pumpkin, collard greens, some cheeses, egg, apricot, cantaloupe melon, milk.
Deficiency Disease: Night blindness and keratomalacia (eye disorder that results in a dry cornea)
Vitamin B1 (Chemical Name: Thiamine)
Source: Sources include peas, pork, liver, and legumes. Most commonly, thiamin is found in whole grains and fortified grain products such as cereal, and enriched products like bread, pasta, rice, and tortillas.
Deficiency Disease: Beri-Beri, Wernicke-Korsakoffsyndrome
Vitamin B2 (Chemical Name: Riboflavin)
Source: Sources include liver, eggs, dark green vegetables, legumes, whole and enriched grain products, and milk. Ultraviolet light is known to destroy riboflavin, which is why most milk is packaged in opaque containers instead of clear.
Deficiency Disease: Cheilosis, ariboflavinosis
Vitamin B3 (Chemical Name: Niacin)
Source: Sources include liver, fish, poultry, meat, peanuts, whole and enriched grain products.
Deficiency Disease: Pellagra
Vitamin B5 (Chemical Name: Pantothenic Acid)
Source: meats, whole grains (milling may remove it), broccoli, avocados, royal jelly, fish ovaries.
Deficiency Disease: Paresthesia
Vitamin B6 (Chemical Name: Pyridoxine)
Source: meats, bananas, whole grains, vegetables, and nuts. When milk is dried it loses about half of its B6. Freezing and canning can also reduce content.
Deficiency Disease: anemia, peripheral neuropathy
Vitamin B7 (Chemical Name: Biotin)
Source: egg yolk, liver, some vegetables
Deficiency Disease: dermatitis, enteritis
Vitamin B9 (Chemical Name: Folic Acid)
Source: Sources of folate include liver, kidney, dark green leafy vegetables, meats, fish, whole grains, fortified grains and cereals, legumes, and citrus fruits. Not all whole grain products are fortified with folate.
Deficiency Disease: pregnancy deficiency linked to birth defects
Vitamin B12 (Chemical Name: Cynacobalamin)
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, aids in the building of genetic material, production of normal red blood cells, and maintenance of the nervous system.
Source: Vitamin B12 can only be found only in foods of animal origin such as meats, liver, kidney, fish, eggs, milk and milk products, oysters, shellfish. Some fortified foods may contain vitamin B12.
Deficiency Disease: megaloblastic anemia
Vitamin C (Chemical Name: Ascorbic Acid)
Vitamin C benefits the body by holding cells together through collagen synthesis;collagen is a connective tissue that holds muscles, bones, and other tissues together. Vitamin C also aids in wound healing, bone and tooth formation, strengthening blood vessel walls, improving immune system function, increasing absorption and utilization of iron, and acting as an antioxidant
Source: Consuming vitamin C-rich foods is the best method to ensure an adequate intake of this vitamin. While many common plant foods contain vitamin C, the best sources are citrus fruits.
Deficiency Disease: Scurvy, causing a loss of collagen strength throughout the body. Loss of collagen results in loose teeth, bleeding and swollen gums, and improper wound healing.
Vitamin D (Chemical Name: Calciferol)
Vitamin D plays a critical role in the body’s use of calcium and phosphorous. It works by increasing the amount of calcium absorbed from the small intestine, helping to form and maintain bones. Vitamin D benefits the body by playing a role in immunity and controlling cell growth. Children especially need adequate amounts of vitamin D to develop strong bones and healthy teeth.
Source: produced in the skin after exposure to ultraviolet B light from the sun or artificial sources. Also found in fatty fish, eggs, beef liver, and mushrooms.
Deficiency Disease: Rickets
Vitamin E (Chemical Name: Tocopherol)
Vitamin E benefits the body by acting as an antioxidant, and protecting vitamins A and C, red blood cells, and essential fatty acids from destruction. Research from decades ago suggested that taking antioxidant supplements, vitamin E in particular, might help prevent heart disease and cancer.
Source: kiwi fruit, almonds, avocado, eggs, milk, nuts, leafy green vegetables, unheated vegetable oils, wheat germ, and wholegrains.
Deficiency Disease: May cause mild hemolytic anemia in newborns.
Vitamin K (Chemical Name: Phylloquinone)
Vitamin K is naturally produced by the bacteria in the intestines, and plays an essential role in normal blood clotting, promoting bone health, and helping to produce proteins for blood, bones, and kidneys.
Source: leafy green vegetables, avocado, kiwi fruit. Parsley contain a lot of vitamin K.
Deficiency Disease: Haemophilia

Minerals And Their Significance To A Human Body

Macro Elements
Calcium(Ca)
Sources: Milk,Cereals, Cheese, Green, Vegetables, Fish, Egg, Meat etc
Significance: Main component for formation of teeth and bones, blood clotting, function of nerves and muscles.
Effects of deficiency : Weak teeth and bones, re****ed body growth, children suffered by Rickets.
Phosphorus(P)
Sources: Vegetables, Soybean, Milk, Egg, Fish, Meat etc.
Significance: Required for formation of teeth and bones,Synthesis of Nucleic acids.
Effects of deficiency : Weak teeth and bones;re****ed body growth and physiology, children suffered by Rickets.
Sulphur(S)
Sources: Many proteins of food.
Significance: Component of many amino acids.
Effects of deficiency : Distributed protein metabolism.
Potassium(K)
Sources: Meat, milk, cereals, fruits and vegetables
Significance: Required for acid-base balance, water regulation and function of nerves.
Effects of deficiency : Low blood pressure, weak muscles;risk of paralysis.
Chlorine(Cl)
Sources: Table salt
Significance: Required for acid base balance;component of gastric juice.
Effects of deficiency : Loss of appetite;muscles cramps.
Magnesium(Mg)
Sources: Cereals, green vegetables
Significance: Co-factor of many enzymes of glycolysis and a number of another metabolic reactions dependent upon ATP.
Effects of deficiency : Irregular heart beat, muscles pain, hysteria.
Iron(Fe)
Sources: Meat, Eggs, Cereals, Green Vegetables, Pulses, Fruits, Fish etc.
Significance: Main component of hemoglobin.
Effects of deficiency : Anemia, weakness and weak immunity.
Iodine(I)
Sources: Milk, Cheese, Sea Food, Beat, Salgam
Significance: Important component of Thyroxine hormone and Thyroid Gland.
Effects of deficiency : Goiter, Cretinism.
Sodium(Na)
Sources: Salt, Vegetables, Fish, Eggs, Meat etc.
Significance: Control function of Heart, Muscles and Nerves.
Effects of deficiency : Destroy Muscles, Weight Loss, Tiredness.
Micro Elements
Fluorine(F)
Sources: Drinking water, tea, sea food
Significance: Maintenance of bones and teeth.
Effects of deficiency : Weak teeth, larger amount causes mottling of teeth.
Zinc(Zn)
Sources: Cereals, Milk, eggs, meat, sea food
Significance: Co-factor of digestive and many other enzymes.
Effects of deficiency : Re****ed growth, anaemia, rough skin, weak immunity and fertility.
Copper(Cu)
Sources: Meat, dry fruits, pods, green vegetables, sea food.
Significance: Co-factor of cytochrome oxidase enzyme. Necessary for iron metabolism and development of blood vessels and connective tissues.
Effects of deficiency : Anaemia, weak blood vessels and connective tissues.
Manganese(MN)
Sources: Dry fruits, cereals, tea fruits and green vegetables.
Significance: Co-factor of some enzymes of urea synthesis and transfer of phosphate group.
Effects of deficiency : Irregular growth of bones, cartilages and connective tissues.
Cobalt(Co)
Sources: Milk, cheese, meat.
Significance: Important component of Vitamin B12.
Effects of deficiency : Anaemia
Selenium(SE)
Sources: Meat, cereals, sea food
Significance: Co-factor of many enzymes;assists Vitamin E.
Effects of deficiency : Muscular pain;weakness of cardiac muscles.
Chromium(CR)
Sources:Yeast, sea food, meat, some vegetables
Significance: Important for catabolic metabolism.
Effects of deficiency : Irregularities of catabolic metabolism and ATP production.
Molybdenum(MO)
Sources: Cereals, pods, some vegetables
Significance: Co-factor of some enzymes.
Effects of deficiency : Irregular excretion of nitrogenous waste products.

Computer
History Of The Computer
A nineteenth century professor Charles Babbage at Cambridge University is considered the father of modern digital computers. During his period, prepared the mathematical and statistical tables was very difficult to make error free. To overcome this error Babbage designed a "Difference Engine" in the year 1822, which could produce reliable mathematical and statistical tables. In 1842, Babbage came out with his new idea of "Analytical Engine", which was intended to be completely automatic. However, his efforts established a number of principles, which have been shown to be fundamental to the design of any digital computer. The evolution of computers are as follows:
First Generation (1942-1955)
First electronic computers used vacuum tubes, and they were huge and complex. The first general purpose electronic computer was the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer). It was digital, although it didn’t operate with binary code, and was reprogrammable to solve a complete range of computing problems. It was programmed using plug boards and switches, supporting input from an IBM card reader, and output to an IBM card punch. It took up 167 square meters, weighed 27 tons, and consuming 150 kilowatts of power. It used thousands of vacuum tubes, crystal diodes, relays, resistors, and capacitors.
The first non-general purpose computer was ABC (Atanasoff–Berry Computer), and other similar computers of this era included german Z3, ten British Colossus computers, LEO, Harvard Mark I, and UNIVAC.
Second Generation (1955-1964)
A new electronic switching device, called transistor was invented at Bell Laboratories in 1947. The second generation of computers came about thanks to the invention of the transistor, which then started replacing vacuum tubes in computer design. Transistor computers consumed far less power, produced far less heat, and were much smaller compared to the first generation.
The first transistor computer was created at the University of Manchester in 1953. The most popular of transistor computers was IBM 1401. IBM also created the first disk drive in 1956, the IBM 350 RAMAC.
The first generation computers were mainly used for scientific computations. However, in the second generation an increasing use of computer was seen in business and industry for commercial data processing applications like payroll, inventory control, marketing and production planning.
Third Generation (1964-1975)
The invention of the Integrated Circuits (ICs), also known as microchips, paved the way for computers as we know them today. This IC technology was also known as "microelectronics" technology because it made it possible it integrate larger number of circuit components into very small surface of silicon, known as "chip". This technology was named Small Scale Integration(SSL). With the advancement in technology for manufacturing ICs, it became possible to integrate up to hundred components on a single chip.This technology name to known as Medium Scale Integration(MSI).
Third generation computers were more powerful. more reliable, less expensive, smaller, and cooler to operate than the second generation computers.
Fourth Generation (1975-1989)
After the invention of IC, large number of electronic components packed on a silicon chip. This progress soon led to the era of Large Scale Integration(LSI) when it was possible to integrate over 30,000 electronic components on a single chip followed by Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) when it was possible to integrate about one million electronic components on a single chip. This progress led to a dramatic development - the creation of a microprocessor.
A microprocessor contains all the circuits needed to perform arithmetic logic and control functions, the core activities of all computers, on a single chip. It started a new social revolution - the personal computer (PC) revolution.
Fifth Generation (1989- Present)
The dramatic increase in the power of microprocessor chips, and the capacity of main memory and hard disk continued in the fifth generation. The VLSI technology became ULSI(Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology in the fifth generation, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips, having 10 million electronic components.
The tremendous processing power and the massive storage capacity of the fifth generation computers also made them a very useful and popular tool for a wide range of multimedia applications, which deal with information containing text, graphics, animation, audio and video data.

Computer Memory
Computer memory is any physical device capable of storing information temporarily or permanently. There are two types of computer memory Primary Memory or Main Memory whicn include RAM (Random Access Memory) & ROM (Read Only Memory) and Secondary Memory or Auxiliary Memory which include Magnetic Disk, Magnetic Tape, Optical Disk etc.
Primary Memory
Random Access Memory (RAM) - is a type of volatile memory that is stores information on an integrated circuit which hold the data mainly when the program is beaing executed by the CPU. As it is volatile in nature so it cann't store data permanently.
Read Only Memory (ROM) - a non-volatile memory chip in which data are stored permanently, and cannot be altered by the programmer.
Secondary Memory
A storage, which suppliments the main memory of a computer. Often reffered to to as secondary storage, this section of computer's memory is non-volatile and has low cost per bit stored, but it generally has an operating speed far slower than that of the primary storage.
Cache Memory
A small high speed memory, which is used to increase the speed of processing by making current programs and data available to the CPU at a rapid rate.