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Let us Learn some objective of
====================
JavaScript Objects
======================

In JavaScript, objects are king: Almost everything is an object or acts like an object. Understand objects and you will understand JavaScript. So let’s examine the creation of objects in JavaScript.
An object is just a container for a collection of named values (aka properties). Before we look at any JavaScript code, let’s first reason this out. Take myself, for example. Using plain language, we can express in a table, a “cody”:

Property Property Value
living True
age 33
gender Male

The word “cody” in the table is just a label for the group of property names and corresponding values that make up exactly what a cody is. As you can see from the table, I am living, 33, and a male.
JavaScript, however, does not speak in tables. It speaks in objects, which are similar to the parts contained in the “cody” table. Translating the cody table into an actual JavaScript object would look like this:

Sample: sample1.html



// Create the cody object
var cody = new Object();

// then fill the cody object with properties (using dot notation).
cody.living = true;
cody.age = 33;
cody.gender = 'male';

console.log(cody); // Logs Object {living = true, age = 33, gender = 'male'}


===============
Keep this at the forefront of your mind: objects are really just containers for properties, each of which has a name and a value. This notion of a container of properties with named values (i.e. an object) is used by JavaScript as the building blocks for expressing values in JavaScript. The cody object is a value which I expressed as a JavaScript object by creating an object, giving the object a name, and then giving the object properties.
Up to this point, the cody object we are discussing has only static information. Since we are dealing with a programing language, we want to program our cody object to actually do something. Otherwise, all we really have is a database akin to JSON. In order to bring the cody object to life, I need to add a property method. Property methods perform a function. To be precise, in JavaScript, methods are properties that contain a Function() object, whose intent is to operate on the object the function is contained within.
If I were to update the cody table with a getGender method, in plain English it would look like this:

Property Property Value
living True
age 33
gender Male

getGender return the value of gender
Using JavaScript, the getGender method from the updated cody table would look like so:
Sample: sample2.html


var cody = new Object();
cody.living = true;
cody.age = 33;
cody.gender = 'male';
cody.getGender = function () { return cody.gender; };

console.log(cody.getGender()); // Logs 'male'.


The getGender method, a property of the cody object, is used to return one of cody’s other property values: the value “male” stored in the gender property. What you must realize is that without methods, our object would not do much except store static properties.
The cody object we have discussed thus far is what is known as an Object() object. We created the cody object using a blank object that was provided to us by invoking the Object() constructor function. Think of constructor functions as a template or cookie cutter for producing predefined objects. In the case of the cody object, I used the Object() constructor function to produce an empty object which I named cody. Because cody is an object constructed from the Object() constructor, we call cody an Object() object. What you really need to understand, beyond the creation of a simple Object() object like cody, is that the majority of values expressed in JavaScript are objects (primitive values like “foo”, 5, and true are the exception but have equivalent wrapper objects).
Consider that the cody object created from the Object() constructor function is not really different from a string object created via the String() constructor function. To drive this fact home, examine and contrast the following code:
Sample: sample3.html


var myObject = new Object(); // Produces an Object() object.
myObject['0'] = 'f';
myObject['1'] = 'o';
myObject['2'] = 'o';

console.log(myObject); // Logs Object { 0="f", 1="o", 2="o"}

var myString = new String('foo'); // Produces a String() object.

console.log(myString); // Logs foo { 0="f", 1="o", 2="o"}


As it turns out, myObject and myString are both . . . objects! They both can have properties, inherit properties, and are produced from a constructor function. The myString variable containing the ‘foo’ string value seems to be as simple as it goes, but amazingly it’s got an object structure under its surface. If you examine both of the objects produced you will see that they are identical objects in substance but not in type. More importantly, I hope you begin to see that JavaScript uses objects to express values.
You might find it odd to see the string value ‘foo’ in object form because typically a string is represented in JavaScript as a primitive value (e.g., var myString = 'foo';). I specifically used a string object value here to highlight that anything can be an object, including values that we might not typically think of as an object (e.g., string, number, Boolean). Also, I think this helps explain why some say that everything in JavaScript can be an object.
JavaScript bakes the String() and Object() constructor functions into the language itself to make the creation of a String() object and Object() object trivial. But you, as a coder of the JavaScript language, can also create equally powerful constructor functions. In the following sample, I demonstrate this by defining a non-native custom Person() constructor function so that I can create people from it.
Sample: sample4.html



// Define Person constructor function in order to create custom Person() objects later.
var Person = function (living, age, gender) {
this.living = living;
this.age = age;
this.gender = gender;
this.getGender = function () { return this.gender; };
};

// Instantiate a Person object and store it in the cody variable.
var cody = new Person(true, 33, 'male');

console.log(cody);

/* The String() constructor function that follows, having been defined by JavaScript, has the same pattern. Because the string constructor is native to JavaScript, all we have to do to get a string instance is instantiate it. But the pattern is the same whether we use native constructors like String() or user-defined constructors like Person(). */

// Instantiate a String object stored in the myString variable.
var myString = new String('foo');

console.log(myString);


The user-defined Person() constructor function can produce Person objects, just as the native String() constructor function can produce string objects. The Person() constructor is no less capable, and is no more or less malleable, than the native String() constructor or any of the native constructors found in JavaScript.
Remember how the cody object we first looked at was produced from an Object(). It’s important to note that the Object() constructor function and the new Person() constructor shown in the previous code example can give us identical outcomes. Both can produce an identical object with the same properties and property methods. Examine the two sections of code that follow, showing that codyA and codyB have the same object values even though they are produced in different ways.
Sample: sample5.html



// Create a codyA object using the Object() constructor.

var codyA = new Object();
codyA.living = true;
codyA.age = 33;
codyA.gender = 'male';
codyA.getGender = function () { return codyA.gender; };

console.log(codyA); // Logs Object {living=true, age=33, gender="male", ...}

/* The same cody object is created below, but instead of using the native Object() constructor to create a one-off cody, we first define our own Person() constructor that can create a cody object (and any other Person object we like) and then instantiate it with "new". */

var Person = function (living, age, gender) {
this.living = living;
this.age = age;
this.gender = gender;
this.getGender = function () { return this.gender; };
};

var codyB = new Person(true, 33, 'male');

console.log(codyB); // Logs Object {living=true, age=33, gender="male", ...}


The main difference between the codyA and codyB objects is not found in the object itself, but in the constructor functions used to produce the objects. The codyA object was produced using an instance of the Object() constructor. The Person() constructor produced codyB, but can also be used as a powerful, centrally defined object “factory” to be used for creating more Person() objects. Crafting your own constructors for producing custom objects also sets up prototypal inheritance for Person() instances.
Both solutions resulted in the same complex object being created. Its these two patterns that are most commonly used for constructing objects.
JavaScript is really just a language that is prepackaged with a few native object constructors used to produce complex objects which express a very specific type of value (e.g., numbers, strings, functions, objects, arrays, etc.), as well as the raw materials via Function() objects for crafting user-defined object constructors (e.g., Person()). The end resultno matter the pattern for creating the objectis typically the creation of a complex object.

A Brief History of UNIX

by Narendra Patil
Contact Technical Writer & Owner
Email: [email protected]
November 10,2013

In the beginning, there was AT&T.

Bell Labs’ Ken Thompson developed UNIX in 1969 so he could play games on a scavenged DEC PDP-7. With the help of Dennis Ritchie, the inventor of the “C” programing language, Ken rewrote UNIX entirely in “C” so that it could be used on different computers. In 1974, the OS was licensed to universities for educational purposes. Over the years, hundreds of people added and improved upon the system, and it spread into the commercial world. Dozens of different UNIX “flavors” appeared, each with unique qualities, yet still having enough similarities to the original AT&T version. All of the “flavors” were based on either AT&T’s System V or Berkeley System Distribution (BSD) UNIX, or a hybrid of both. During the late 1980’s there were several of commercial implementations of UNIX:

Apple Computer’s A/UX
AT&T’s System V Release 3
Digital Equipment Corporation’s Ultrix and OSF/1 (renamed to DEC UNIX)
Hewlett Packard’s HP-UX
IBM’s AIX
Lynx’s Real-Time UNIX
NeXT’s NeXTStep
Santa Cruz Operation’s SCO UNIX
Silicon Graphics’ IRIX
SUN Microsystems’ SUN OS and Solaris

.. and dozens more.

The Open Standards Foundation is a UNIX industry organization designed to keep the various UNIX flavors working together. They created operating systems guidelines called POSIX to encourage inter-operability of applications from one flavor of UNIX to another. Portability of applications to different gave UNIX a distinct advantage over its mainframe competition.

Then came the GUIs. Apple’s Macintosh operating system and Microsoft’s Windows operating environment simplified computing tasks, and made computers more appealing to a larger number of users. UNIX wizards enjoyed the power of the command line interface, but acknowledged the difficult learning curve for new users. The Athena Project at MIT developed the X Windows Graphical User Interface for UNIX computers. Also known as the X11 environment, corporations developed their own “flavors” of the UNIX GUIs based on X11. Eventually, a GUI standard called Motif was generally accepted by the corporations and academia.

During the late 1990’s Microsoft’s Windows NT operating system started encroaching into traditional UNIX businesses such as banking and high-end graphics. Although not as reliable as UNIX, NT became popular because of the lower learning curve and its similarities to Windows 95 and 98. Many traditional UNIX companies, such as DEC and Silicon Graphics, abandoned their OS for NT. Others, such as SUN, focused their efforts on niche markets, such as the Internet.

Linus Torvalds had a dream. He wanted to create the coolest operating system in the world that was free for anyone to use and modify. Based on an obscure UNIX flavor called MINIX, Linus took the source code and created his own flavor, called Linux. Using the power of the Internet, he distributed copies of his OS all over the world, and fellow programmers improved upon his work. In 1999, with a dozen versions of the OS and many GUIs to choose from, Linux is causing a UNIX revival. Knowing that people are used to the Windows tools, Linux developers are making applications that combine the best of Windows with the best of UNIX.

Warm Welcome to all member who like this page From tomarrow we will take tour of Operating system and watch the interesting thing about that system

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Warm Welcome to all member who like this page From tomarrow we will take tour of Operating system and watch the interesting thing about that system

Once Again Welcome......

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