K Raj's English Speaking Classes

" List Of Helping Verb "

Helping verbs, helping verbs, there are 23! Am, is, are, was and were, being, been, and be, Have, has, had, do, does, did, will, would, shall and should. There are five more helping verbs: may, might, must, can, could!

Adjectives

An
adjective
modifies a noun or pronoun by providing descriptive or specific detail. Unlike adverbs, adjectives do not modify
verbs, other adjectives, or adverbs. Adjectives usually precede the noun or pronoun they modify. Adjectives do not have to
agree in number or
gender with the nouns they describe. Adjectives answer the following questions: W
hat kind?, How many?,
or W
hich ones?
Example:
Tom bought a
used
car. (
used
describes
what kind
of car Tom bought.)
Sally baked
ten
pies for the school bake sale. (
ten
tell
s
how many
pies Sally baked.)
Bob climbed
that
tree in the backyard. (
that
specifies
which
tree Bob climbed.)
Types of Adjectives
Descriptive Adjectives
A
descriptive adjective
names a quality of the noun or pronoun that it modifies.
Example:
brown
dog
bigger
house
fluffy
cat
Proper Adjectives
A
proper adjective
is derived from a proper noun.
Example:
French
class
Spanish
food
European
car
Limiting Adjectives
A
limiting adjective
restricts the meaning of the word it modifies.
Example:
that
car
this
room
the
tree
Interrogative Adjectives
An
interrogative adjective
is used to ask a question.
Example:
Whose
book is this?
Coordinate Adjectives
A
coordinate adjective
consists of two or more adjectives separated by a comma instead of by a coordinating
conjunction.
Example:
a
cold, rainy
day
To determine if you can replace the coordinating conjunction with a comma, see if the adjectives can be reversed or if
and
can be added between the adjectives without changing the meaning. If the adjectives can be
reversed, they are
coordinate and a comma can be used.
Example:
The clowns arrived in a
bright, shiny
car.
The clowns arrived in a
shiny, bright
car. (Reversing
bright
and
shiny
does not change the
meaning.)
The clowns arrived in a
bright
and
shiny
car
(Adding
and
between
bright
and
shiny
does not
change the meaning.)
Southeastern Writing Center
Celebrating the Writer’s Voice
383
D. Vickers Hall
(985) 549
-
2076 ~
[email protected]
http://www.selu.edu/acad_research/programs/writing_center
However, if the adjectives cannot be reversed or if
and
cannot be used, a comma cannot be used.
Example:
The clowns arrived
in
two colorful
cars.
The clowns arrived in
colorful two
cars. (Reversing
two
and
colorful
changes the meaning.)
The clowns arrived in
two
and
colorful
cars. (Adding
and
between
two
and
colorful
changes the
meaning.)
Compound Adjectives
Compound
adjectives
consist of two or more words that function as a unit. Depending on its position within the
sentence, the compound adjective is punctuated with or without a hyphen. When a compound adjective comes before
the noun it modifies, use a hyphen to join
the adjectives. When a compound adjective follows the noun it modifies, do
not use a hyphen to join the adjectives.
Example:
She is taking a class on
nineteenth
-
century
literature. (The adjective
nineteenth
-
century
precedes
the noun
literature
so a hyphe
n is used.)
She is studying literature from the
nineteenth century
(The adjective
nineteenth century
comes
after the noun
literature
so no hyphen is used.)
Determiners as Adjectives
Determiners, such as articles, pronouns, and numbers, can function as
adjectives. When a determiner is used as an
adjective, it restricts the noun it modifies, like a limiting adjective. Determiners functioning as adjectives tell
Which
one
?,
How many
?, and
Whose
?
Articles (
a, an, the
)
Possessive pronouns (
my,
our, your, his, her, its, their
)
Relative pronouns (
whose, which, whichever, what, whatever
)
Demonstratives (
this, these, that, those
)
Indefinite pronouns (
any, each, other, some
, etc.)
Cardinal Numbers (
one, two, three
, etc.)
Ordinal Numbers (
last, first,
second
, etc.)
Possessive proper nouns (
Bob’s, Sarah’s
)
Example:
Bob’s
house is only
three
blocks from
that
house. (
Bob’s
answers the question: Whose house?
Three
answers the question: How many blocks?
That
answers the question: Which hous
e is three blocks from
Bob’s house?)
Placement and Order of Adjectives
A single noun can be described as a list of adjectives. When more then one adjective is used to modify a noun, it is important to
consider the order in which the adjectives appear. Gen
erally, the adjectives most important in completing the meaning of the noun
are placed closest to the noun. Following is the usual order of adjectives in a series:
1.
Determiners: articles (
a, the
), demonstratives (
this, those
), and possessives (
his, our,
Mary’s, everybody’s
), amounts
(
one, five, many, few
), order (
first, next last
)
2.
Coordinate adjectives (subjective evaluations or personal opinions):
nice, nasty, packed, pitiful
3.
Adjectives describing size:
big, huge, little, tiny
4.
Adjectives describing shape
:
long, short, round, square
5.
Adjectives describing age:
young, old, modern, ancient
6.
Adjectives describing color:
blue, green, red, white
7.
Adjectives describing nationality:
Italian, French, Japanese
8.
Adjectives describing architectural style or religion:
Greek, Gothic,
Catholic, Jewish, Muslim
9.
Adjectives describing material:
cardboard, plastic, silver, gold
10.
Nouns functioning as adjectives:
soccer
ball,
cardboard
box,
history
class
Example:
a big brick
house (article, size, and material)
these old brown c
ardboard
boxes (demonstrative, age, color, material)
a beautiful young Italian
woman (article, personal opinion, age, nationality)

Using Adjectives

Adjectives as Subject Complements
The
subject complement
is a word that follows a linking verb and modifies
the sentence’s subject, not its verb.
Linking
verbs
:
appear, become, believe, feel, grow, smell, seem, sound, remain, turn, prove, look, taste,
and the forms of the verb
to
be.
Example:
The crowd appeared
calm
(The linking verb
appeared
links the noun t
he subject
crowd
with the adjective
calm
)
Adjectives as Object Complements
The
object complement
is a word that follows a sentence’s direct object and modifies that object and not the verb. An object
complement answers the question
what?
after the direct
object.
Example:
Bob considered the experiment a
success
(
Success
is the object compliment that modifies the sentences
direct object
experiment
)
Adjectives with Past and Present Participle Verbs
Adjectives are frequently formed by using the past
participle (
-
ed,
-
t,
or
-
en
) and the present participle (
-
ing
) verb forms.
Example:
The group of children scared the
sleeping
dog. (
Sleeping
describes the baby.)
The students refused to eat the
dried
fruit. (
Dried
describes the cookies.)

There are different kinds of adverbs expressing different meaning. The following are some of the common ones.

Adverb of time

An adverb of time tells us when something is done or happens. We use it at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. We use it as a form of emphasis when we place it at the beginning. Adverbs of time include afterwards, already, always, immediately, last month, now, soon, then, and yesterday.

He collapsed and died yesterday.
His factory was burned down a few months ago.
Last week, we were stuck in the lift for an hour.



Adverb of place

An adverb of place tells us where something is done or happens. We use it after the verb, object or at the end of a sentence. Adverbs of place include words such as above, below, here, outside, over there, there, under, upstairs.

We can stop here for lunch.
The schoolboy was knocked over by a school bus.
They rushed for their lives when fire broke out in the floor below.



Adverb of manner

An adverb of manner tells us how something is done or happens. Most adverbs of manner end in –ly such as badly, happily, sadly, slowly, quickly, and others that include well, hard, fast, etc.

The brothers were badly injured in the fight.
They had to act fast to save the others floating in the water.
At the advanced age of 88, she still sang very well.



Adverb of degree

An adverb of degree tells us the level or extent that something is done or happens. Words of adverb of degree are almost, much, nearly, quite, really, so, too, very, etc.

It was too dark for us to find our way out of the cave. (Before adjective)
The referee had to stop the match when it began to rain very heavily. (Before adverb)
Her daughter is quite fat for her age.
The accident victim nearly died from his injuries.
After all these years, she is still feeling very sad about her father’s death.



Adverb of frequency

An adverb of frequency tells us how often something is done or happens. Words used as adverbs of frequency include again, almost, always, ever, frequently, generally, hardly ever, nearly, nearly always, never, occasionally, often, rarely, seldom, sometimes, twice, usually, and weekly.

They were almost fifty when they got married.
He hardly ever say something nice to his wife.
While overseas, he frequently phoned home.
She is not nearly always right although she thinks she is always right.
He complained that she never smiled back.
We only write to each other very occasionally.
Peter seldom reads the Bible.
Sometimes he stays late in the office to complete his work.
Our cat was bitten twice by the same dog.
The man usually proposes marriage.

DEFINITIN: Verb is the word which is used to tell about the action or movement of person, thing and animal. There are many kinds of verb as follow:

1) Transitive Verb

2) Intransitive Verb

3) Linking Verb

4) Auxiliary Verb

5) Modal Verb

1) Transitive Verb

Transitive Verb is the verb that needs object and usually followed by noun.

These transitive verbs include arrest, avoid, do, enjoy, find, force, get, give, grab, hit, like, pull , report, shock, take, tell, touch, want, warn…

Formula:

Sub + T.V + Obj

Example:

- She takes a book.

- I need a chair.

- They speak English.

2) Intransitive Verb

Intransitive Verb is the verb which does not need object, but it needs adverbial modifier. These intransitive verbs include appear, come, fall, go, happen, matter, sleep, swim, wait…

Formula:

Sub + I.V + (Adv)

Example:

- He cries.

- They dance well.

- She sings beautifully.

3) Linking Verb

Linking Verb refers to verb that needs subjective complement rather than object and that subjective complement describes the subject.

These Linking Verbs include:

be, smell, feel, taste, prove, look, become, appear, stay, remain, get, sound, seem, grow, turn, go…

a) Subjective Complement can be “Adjective”

Example:

- Your face grows red.

- He looks tired.

- Her voice sounds pretty.

b) Subjective Complement can be “Noun or Pronoun”

Example:

- He becomes a district governor.

- The robber is you.

4) Auxiliary Verb

Auxiliary Verbs are used to form question and negative sentence, and they are usually used with main verb to form many different kinds of tenses.

Be is used to form Continuous Tense and Passive Voice.

Example:

- The dog is biting a child.

- A child is bitten by the dog.

Have/Has is used to form Perfect Tense.

Example:

- They have known me for 3 years.

- She has had dinner already.

Do/Does is used to form Question and Negative Sentence in the Present Simple when the sentence doesn’t have a special verb. Moreover, we can also use them to show the emphasis sentence.

Example:

- He doesn’t eat meat.

- Do you love her?

- I do live here. (emphasis form)

Will is used to form Future Tense.

Example:

- People will be difficult to live because of the climate change.

- The environment will become terrible in the a few decades.

5) Modal Verb

Modal Verbs are the verbs that are used to talk about ability, permission, obligation and necessity, obligation and advice, possibility, probability, request, offer, suggestion, habit and promise. Most Modal Verbs can form question and negative sentence by themselves. There are many Modal Verbs as following.

a) Ability

We use “can, could and be able to” to talk about the ability.

Can: is used in the present.

Example: He can play the guitar.

Could: is used in the past.

Example: My sister could speak when she was 15 years old.

Be able to: can be used both in present and past.

Example: Last year I wasn’t able to speak at all, but now I am able to speak smoothly.

b) Permission

We use “can, could, may and might” to ask to a permission.

Example:

- Can I use your pen for a moment?

-Could I ask you a personal question?

- May I make a suggestion?

c) Obligation and necessity

We use “must and have to/ have got to” to express obligation or necessity.

Example:

- I have got a trouble pain in my back, so I must go to the doctor now.

- We have to drive on the left in Britain.

d) Obligation and Advice

We use “should, ought to, had better, and shall” to talk about the obligation and advice.

Should and Ought to is used talk about the obligation and duty, to ask for and give advice and in general, to say what is right or good.

Example:

- You ought to learn to swim.

- I shouldn’t tell a lie.

Had better: is used to express a strong recommendation in a particular situation.

Example: It’s going to be cold tonight, so I had better turn on the heating.

Shall is used when we want to know someone’s opinion, or when we want advice or instruction.

Example:

- I have missed my last bus. What shall I do?

- I’m not sure what to do. Shall I apply for a job or not?

- How long shall I cook this rice?

e) Possibility

We use “may, might and could” to talk about present or future possibility.

Example:

- There is someone at the door. It may be Sara.

- We aren’t sure what we are going to do tomorrow. We might go to the beach.

f) Probability

We use “should and ought to” to say that something is probable at the moment of speaking or in the future.

Example:

- Sally should be at work by now. She’s normally there at this time.

- She ought to pass his driving easily. She hasn’t got much to do.

g) Request

We use “can, could, may, will and would” to ask for something, to ask for permission or to ask someone to do something.

Example:

- Can I ask you a pen?

- Could I ask you some questions?

- May I have some more coffee?

h) Offer

We use “will, shall, could and would” when we are willing to do something for someone.

Example:

- I will lend you some money.

- Shall I open the door for you?

- I can write this letter for you.

- I could help you to lift this box.

- Would you like me to help you?

i) Suggestion

We use “shall, can and could” to ask for and make a suggestion.

Example:

- Shall we stay at home?

- We can watch TV if you like.

- We could go to the cinema.

j) Habit

+ We use “used to” to talk about past habit which are now finished.

Example: Robert used to play football when he was young.

+ We use “will and would” to talk about the actions which are repeated again and again, and we use “will” for present habits and “would” for past habits.

Example:

- Every day Jane will come home from school and ring up the friends she’s just been talking to.

- In those days people would make their own entertainment.

k) Promise

We use “will” to express strong intention in promises and threats.

Example:

- I will be careful with the car, I promise.

- Stop making that noise or I will scream!

".....About Noun..."

"ARTICLE"
The articles in English are the (definite article), a, and an (indefinite articles). Articles define a noun as specific or unspecific. After the long day, the cup of tea tastes particularly good. By using the, we've shown that it was one specific day that was long, and one specific cup of tea that tasted good

Word Mistake

Our Aim In Life Should Be...Like This...

Preposition Notes: -

A preposition is a word or set of words that indicates location (in, near, beside, on top of) or some other relationship between a noun or pronoun and other parts of the sentence (about, after, besides, instead of, in accordance with).

Word Frequency Type
with 1062 (preposition)
at 624 (preposition)
from 622 (preposition)
into 301 (preposition)
during 103 (preposition)
including 58 (preposition)
until 54 (preposition)
against 46 (preposition)
among 37 (preposition)
throughout 27 (preposition)
despite 17 (preposition)
towards 16 (preposition)
upon 15 (preposition)
concerning 3 (preposition)
of 5220 (preposition,auxiliary verb)
to 4951 (preposition,adverb)
in 2822 (preposition,adverb)
for 1752 (preposition,conjunction)
on 1087 (preposition,adverb,adjective)
by 706 (preposition,adverb)
about 451 (preposition,adverb,adjective)
like 324 (preposition,verb,conjunction)
through 235 (preposition,adverb,adjective)
over 170 (preposition,adjective,noun)
before 141 (preposition,adverb,conjunction)
between 137 (preposition,adverb)
after 110 (preposition,adjective,adverb)
since 107 (preposition,adverb,conjunction)
without 89 (preposition,adverb,conjunction)
under 70 (preposition,adverb,adjective)
within 46 (preposition,adverb)
along 45 (preposition,adverb)
following 39 (preposition,noun,adjective)
across 36 (preposition,adverb,adjective)
behind 22 (preposition,adverb,adjective)
beyond 20 (preposition,noun)
plus 14 (preposition,adjective,noun)
except 6 (preposition,conjunction,idiom)
but 626 (conjunction,preposition,adverb)
up 296 (adverb,preposition,adjective)
out 294 (adverb,preposition,adjective)
around 101 (adverb,preposition)
down 94 (adverb,preposition,adjective)
off 74 (adverb,preposition,adjective)
above 40 (adverb,preposition,adjective)
near 13 (adverb,preposition,adjective)

Some other examples of particles:

give in
turn in
pull through
wore out
broke up
go in for
put in for
bring up
found out
blow up
look up
make up
look over