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10 बिंदुओं में समझिये पूरा मामला :

यूक्रेन की सीमा पश्चिम में यूरोप और पूर्व में रूस से जुड़ी है। 1991 तक यूक्रेन पूर्ववर्ती सोवियत संघ का हिस्सा था।

रूस और यूक्रेन के बीच तनाव नवंबर 2013 में तब शुरू हुआ जब यूक्रेन के तत्कालीन राष्ट्रपति विक्टर यानुकोविच का कीव में विरोध शुरू हुआ। जबकि उन्हें रूस का समर्थन था।

यानुकोविच को अमेरिका-ब्रिटेन समर्थित प्रदर्शनकारियों के विरोध के कारण फरवरी 2014 में देश छोड़कर भागना पड़ा।

इससे खफा होकर रूस ने दक्षिणी यूक्रेन के क्रीमिया पर कब्जा कर लिया। इसके बाद वहां के अलगाववादियों को समर्थन दिया। इन अलगाववादियों ने पूर्वी यूक्रेन के बड़े हिस्से पर कब्जा कर लिया।

2014 के बाद से रूस समर्थक अलगाववादियों और यूक्रेन की सेना के बीच डोनबास प्रांत में संघर्ष चल रहा था।

इससे पहले जब 1991 में यूक्रेन सोवियत संघ से अलग हुआ था तब भी कई बार क्रीमिया को लेकर दोनों देशों में टकराव हुआ।

2014 के बाद रूस व यूक्रेन में लगातार तनाव व टकराव को रोकने व शांति कायम कराने के लिए पश्चिमी देशों ने पहल की। फ्रांस और जर्मनी ने 2015 में बेलारूस की राजधानी मिन्स्क में दोनों के बीच शांति व संघर्ष विराम का समझौता कराया।

हाल ही में यूक्रेन ने नाटो से करीबी व दोस्ती गांठना शुरू किया। यूक्रेन के नाटो से अच्छे रिश्ते हैं। 1949 में तत्कालीन सोवियत संघ से निपटने के लिए नाटो यानी 'उत्तर अटलांटिक संधि संगठन' बनाया गया था।

यूक्रेन की नाटो से करीबी रूस को नागवार गुजरने लगी।

अमेरिका और ब्रिटेन समेत दुनिया के 30 देश नाटो के सदस्य हैं। यदि कोई देश किसी तीसरे देश पर हमला करता है तो नाटो के सभी सदस्य देश एकजुट होकर उसका मुकाबला करते हैं। रूस चाहता है कि नाटो अपना विस्तार न करे।

राष्ट्रपति पुतिन इसी मांग को लेकर यूक्रेन व पश्चिमी देशों पर दबाव डाल रहे थे।
आखिरकार रूस ने अमेरिका व अन्य देशों की पाबंदियों की परवाह किए बगैर गुरुवार को यूक्रेन पर हमला बोल दिया। अब तक तो नाटो, अमेरिका व किसी अन्य देश ने यूक्रेन के समर्थन में जंग में कूदने का एलान नहीं किया है। वे यूक्रेन की परोक्ष मदद कर रहे हैं, ऐसे में कहना मुश्किल है कि यह जंग क्या मोड़ लेगी। यदि यूरोप के देशों या अमेरिका ने रूस के खिलाफ कोई सैन्य कार्रवाई की तो समूची दुनिया के लिए मुसीबत पैदा हो सकती है।

North America Importent Concept & MCQ Prectice UPSC CSE 2022

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North America Important Concepts & MCQ Practice | World Geography | UPSC CSE 2022 | Sunil Verma In this course, Sunil Verma Sir discusses about North America Important Concepts & MCQ Practice for UPSC CSE 2022. Aspirants are advised to watch this for a ...

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How to Study Geography to Become IAS | UPSC 2022 Strategy | Lets Crack UPSC CSE Hindi | Sunil Verma this course, Sunil Verma Sir discusses about How to Study Geography to Become IAS. Aspirants are advised to watch this for a ...

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27 जून को होने वाली यूपीएससी सिविल सेवा (प्रीलिम्स) परीक्षा 2021 स्थगित, जानें नई तारीख UPSC Prelims 2021: 27 जून को होने वाली यूपीएससी सिविल सेवा (प्रीलिम्स) परीक्षा 2021 स्थगित कर दी गई है. ये परीक्षा अब 10 अक्टूबर 2021 को आ...

World's northernmost coral reef bleached.

Bleaching has damaged the world's northernmost coral reef in Japan, a researcher said Tuesday, the latest example of a global phenomenon scientists have attributed to high ocean temperatures.

About 30 percent of the coral reef off the coast of Tsushima island in Japan, which lies in the temperate zone some 1,000 kilometres southwest of Tokyo, suffered bleaching when Hiroya Yamano's research team observed the area last December.

There was large-scale coral bleaching in Japan's subtropical Okinawan chain of islands last summer, said Yamano, director of the Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies at Japan's National Institute for Environmental Studies.

"Recently coral in Okinawa were taking refuge in waters with lower temperatures, expanding their habitat range to (waters off) Kyushu, Shikoku and Honshu," he said, referring to three of Japan's four main islands.

"But now coral in refuges are threatened... the situation is serious," he told AFP.

Since 2015, all tropical coral reefs have seen above-normal temperatures, and more than 70 percent experienced prolonged high temperatures that can cause bleaching.

Article 21: Protection of Life and Personal Liberty

No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.

Explanation

The Right to Life or Personal Liberty is one of the most significant human right. As human rights are acquired from the nature(not given by it) they are considered absolute. However, in a civilised society rights can not be granted on their absolute form. Hence the Constitution of India enshrines it subject to procedure established by law.

As the word ‘life’ is not defined in the constitution, the Supreme Court in Menka Gandhi v. Union of India 1978 case very logically says that life is more sociological. It’s very true as life actually exists between birth and death of a person. In this context, life incorporates in its meaning, human dignity, education, health and nutrition and clean environment. Thus, the Court has widened its meaning and extent.

Similarly, the right to personal liberty also includes certain extra constitutional rights which emerge from the socio-economic and cultural milieu such as right to privacy, shelter, sustainable development etc.

The most striking feature of this provision is that on the grounds of rule of law, fundamental freedoms and natural justice, Art 21 is intimately related to Art 19 (fundamental freedoms) and Art 14 (rule of law and natural justice). Therefore, the three constitute the ‘Golden Triangle of Indian Constitution’.

The system of governance is responsible to the protection of this triangle as the three fundamental concepts (freedoms, rule of law and natural justice) serve as the building blocks of the basic philosophy of the Constitution of India.

China-Pakistan Economic Corridor

The western route of the China-Paki­stan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which would connect the port city of Gwadar with Quetta via Khuzdar, would be completed by 2018.

According to the authorities about 95 per cent of construction work on Gwadar-Ratodero road had been completed. However security is needed to complete all road projects (in the province) in time.

The government would provide security to engineers, technical staff and labourers involved in the ex*****on of CPEC and other road projects.

The CPEC is a 3,000-km network of roads, railways and oil and gas pipelines from Gwadar port to Kashgar city in north-western China’s Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region. Gwadar is the port of origin and starting point for the CPEC.

The corridor will run through India’s periphery, more significantly, Gilgit Baltistan, claimed by India as part of the erstwhile princely state of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K). In due course, this geographical reality of the CPEC could potentially impinge upon India’s geopolitical calculations and pose a strategic challenge. However, the government claims that economically strong Pakistan would bring stability to the region.

India is yet to comprehensively articulate its approach towards the CPEC despite the fact that the corridor bodes strategic implications for India. As stated, the corridor will pass through the Gilgit Baltistan region where China has invested in the past in infrastructure and hydropower projects. In the Gilgit Baltistan segment, the CPEC project design includes a major expansion of the Karakoram Highway, establishing industrial parks in special economic zones, constructing hydropower projects, railway line and road building. The project also entails building hydropower projects and motorways/highways in the so-called Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). India has occasionally raised objections to Chinese infrastructure investment in the region.

The origin of the CPEC could be traced to the Border Agreement of 1963, considered a milestone in China-Pakistan relations. The agreement ceded the 5000 plus square mile Trans Karakorum Tract to China and served as a precursor to the Karakoram Highway, conceived later as a strategic link defining China and Pakistan’s ‘all-weather friendship’. The then Defence Minister of India, Krishna Menon, elaborately enunciated India’s position on the issue at the UN, condemning the agreement as illegitimate. Besides, India lodged an “emphatic protest” to China and conveyed its concerns in a letter of protest. Four decades down the line, while India’s policy orientation and broader claim on Gilgit Baltistan remains unchanged, its stance on Chinese investments in the Karakoram Highway, and Chinese efforts to leverage this territorial link to build a strategic corridor, is perceived to be weakening over time.

Is it because of a realization that in a changed strategic landscape, the options for India vis-a-vis a project like CPEC are limited and complicated? Is India conflicted about whether to engage itself in the mega connectivity network project or stay out of it in accordance with its stated positon on Gilgit Baltistan and the so-called AJK? Participating in the project would require a major alteration in India’s policy. Overlooking the territorial dimension could be interpreted as a massive climb-down from its stated position. It may even be construed as acquiescing to the China-Pakistan alliance in the region and beyond. Thus, the CPEC poses a policy challenge to India on how best to strike a precarious balance between securing its strategic/territorial interests without at the same time being confrontational.
With the recent terror attacks at Pathankot the role of Pakistan continues to remain dubious and hence dilemma for India also continues.

Make 2016 your year to prosper.

Even-odd. Number vehicle in Delhi....
From this I Think that no more improvement in air , noise pollution.
Because...
Many person who is rich and have even no. May purchase odd no. Vehicle. This may produce the problem of parking . From this Indian market increases.

Those person who is not able to purchase. They try another idea they may change no. Plate. This increases in corruption.

Social relationships increases also like traveling together in one vehicle or exchange of vehicle each other.

For efficient result ....
People should be Responsible, liable....

ONGC divestment in New Year to shore up revenues
Centre to divest 5%, will reserve 20% of that for retail investors
Buoyed by the success of the SAIL divestment, the Centre is looking to wrap up a similar stake sale in ONGC by next month. The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) had approved the disinvestment in September.
The Centre intends divesting 5 per cent, or over 42.77 crore shares, in ONGC.
Based on the last closing price (December 19) of ₹349.30, the Centre can mop up about ₹14,900 crore from the sale. Currently, it holds 68.94 per cent in ONGC.
SAIL success
Earlier this month, the Centre had sold 5 per cent of its equity in Steel Authority of India Ltd (SAIL).
The offer was oversubscribed more than two times.
ONGC’s share sale is critical for the Centre’s fiscal health as tax collections have been tepid.
The Centre will use the offer-for-sale route through stock exchanges (known as the auction method) for the share dilution. It will set aside a higher quota for retail investors.
More for retail
Although SEBI norms prescribe only a minimum 10 per cent for retail investors, for ONGC the Government proposes to reserve 20 per cent for them and also give a 5 per cent price discount. This concession is to be extended for the Coal India and the NHPC divestments, too.
On the timing, a government official told BusinessLine that “work is in progress on a subsidy-sharing formula and we expect it will be finalised in the next two weeks.
“The sell-off process will take place soon after that.”
As part of the Centre’s subsidy-sharing mechanism to compensate public sector oil marketing companies for selling domestic LPG, kerosene and, till recently, diesel below market .