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Cosmological Astrophysics, Palam, New Delhi (2026)

23/08/2026

In 1785, a French man coined a tangible relationship in the mathematical form between the two bodies, which are electrically charged. He also published an equation for the force causing the bodies either to attract or repel each other. It is an important law that builds a strong concept and is applicable in different places. He played a central role in this new way of describing the basic forces of electrostatics and magnetism. That French man is our "scientist of the day" today.

It's death anniversary of , one of the major figures in the history of physics - - -

(Scientist of the Day - 23 August)

Coulomb is distinguished in the history of mechanics and of electricity & magnetism. In 1779, he published an important investigation of the laws of friction (Théorie des machines simples, en ayant égard au frottement de leurs parties et à la roideur des cordages), which was followed 20 years later by a memoir on viscosity.

In 1784, his "Recherches théoriques et expérimentales sur la force de torsion et sur l'élasticité des fils de metal" appeared. This memoir contained a description of different forms of his torsion balance. He used the instrument with great success for the experimental investigation of the distribution of charge on surfaces, and of the laws of electrical and magnetic force.

In 1785, Coulomb presented his three reports on and . In which, he discovered first an inverse relationship of the force between electric charges and the square of its distance and then the same relationship between magnetic poles. Later these relationships were named after him as Coulomb's law.

Coulomb leaves a legacy as a pioneer in the field of geotechnical engineering for his contribution to retaining wall design. His name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the . The of electric charge, the coulomb, was named in his honor in 1880.

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22/08/2026

Today is August 22.

It's the birthday of , the man who invented the pressure cooker --

(Scientist of the Day - 22 August)

In 1673, Papin worked with Dutch physicist and in Paris, and became interested in using a vacuum to generate motive power. He went to London in 1675 to work with the English physicist . In 1679 Papin invented his steam digester (pressure cooker), a closed vessel with a tightly fitting lid that confines the steam until a high pressure is generated, raising the boiling point of the water considerably. A safety valve of his own invention prevented explosions (look the image).

Observing that the enclosed steam in his cooker tended to raise the lid, Papin conceived of the use of steam to drive a piston in a cylinder, the basic design for early steam engines; he never built an engine of his own, however. Though his design was not practical, it was improved by others and led to the development of the steam engine, a major contribution to the industrial revolution.

Boulevard Denis Papin in Carcassonne is named after him as well as a street in Saint-Michel, Montreal. There is also a statue of Papin with his invention in Blois, at the top of the Escalier Denis Papin, a stairway.

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21/08/2026

Today is August 21. Let me introduce you to a French man who was one of the greatest and most influential mathematicians in history. There are 16 concepts & theorems named after him, more than any other mathematicians. In physics, he laid the foundations of the mathematical theory of . That great French man is our (second) "scientist of the day" today.

It's the birthday of , the man who was the first to formulate Continuum mechanics - - -

(Scientist of the Day - 21 August)

Cauchy was one of the greatest of modern mathematicians. A profound mathematician, he had a great influence over his contemporaries and successors. He was very productive, in number of papers, second, only to . He wrote approximately 800 research articles and 5 complete textbooks on a variety of topics in the fields of mathematics and mathematical physics. His work has a strong impact on both pure mathematics and practical engineering.

Let's take a glance at his important works:-

Mathematics - 1) He was the first to prove the Fermat polygonal number theorem.
2) He is most famous for his single-handed development of complex function theory. (specially Cauchy's integral theorem).
3) He was the first to prove Taylor's theorem rigorously, establishing his well-known form of the remainder.
4) He was one of the first to rigorously state and prove the key theorems of calculus, thereby creating "Real Analysis".
5) He pioneered the study of permutation groups in abstract algebra.

Physics:- 1) In optics, he worked on 's wave theory and on the dispersion and polarization of light.
2) In mechanics, he substituted the notion of the continuity of geometrical displacements for the principle of the continuity of matter.
3) He wrote on the equilibrium of rods and elastic membranes and on waves in elastic media.
4) He introduced a 3 × 3 symmetric matrix of numbers (Cauchy stress tensor).
5) In elasticity, he originated the theory of stress, and his results are nearly as valuable as those of .

His name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower.

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21/08/2026

Today is August 21. Let me introduce you to an Indian man who was intensely interested in the physics of stars. In the book 'The Demon-Haunted World', praised him: "I discovered what true mathematical elegance is from .." That great Indian man is our "scientist of the day" today.

It's death anniversary of , a man of Stellar Physics -

(Scientist of the Day - 21 August)

Chandrasekhar was the nephew of Sir (Raman was awarded the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics). As a young boy, he was homes chooled by his parents and private tutors.

He worked on a wide variety of problems in physics during his lifetime, contributing to the contemporary understanding of stellar structure, white dwarfs, stellar dynamics, stochastic process, radiative transfer, the quantum theory of the hydrogen anion, hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability, turbulence, equilibrium and the stability of ellipsoidal figures of equilibrium, general relativity, mathematical theory of black holes and theory of colliding gravitational waves.

Between the ages of 18 and 28 , Chandrasekhar was intensely interested in the physics of stars - astrophysics. In 1930, astrophysicists believed all stars would eventually fade to become white dwarfs. Traveling by ship in 1930 to begin his Ph.D. at Cambridge, he calculated a number. In his honor this number is now called The . Chandrasekhar discovered that a white dwarf can exist only if its mass is less than or equal to 1.4 times our sun’s mass. Chandrasekhar initially found the limit would be about 1.7 solar masses, but over time, he refined this value.

Unfortunately, Chandrasekhar’s view was opposed by the foremost authority on the physics of stars at the time, Sir . At the end, scientists came to accept that Chandrasekhar was correct, and Eddington was wrong. In 1983, Chandrasekhar was awarded the in Physics (with William Fowler) for his studies on the physical processes important to the structure and evolution of stars. Chandrasekhar accepted this honor, but was upset the citation mentioned only his earliest work, seeing it as a denigration of a lifetime's achievement.

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20/08/2026

Walter Hendrik Gustav Lewin is a retired MIT physics professor and Dutch astrophysicist known for his theatrical teaching style and popular online lectures. His research led to hundreds of scientific papers and discoveries.

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20/08/2026

Today is August 20. Let me introduce you to an English man who is remembered as one of the most distinguished and controversial scientists of the 20th century. He proved that the great majority of natural elements in the periodic table were made inside stars and distributed through space by supernova explosions. He is our "scientist of the day" today.

It's death anniversary of Sir — —

(Scientist of the Day - 20 August)

Although Hoyle was most widely known for his cosmological theory, Steady State theory, there is little doubt that his most lasting and significant contribution to science concerns the origin of the elements. This theory of nucleosynthesis (the build-up of the elements in the hot interiors of stars) was an outstanding scientific landmark of the 1950s.

He was the main author of the paper B²FH, a landmark scientific paper on the origin of the chemical elements. The name B²FH came from the initials of its authors: Margaret Burbidge, Geoffrey Burbidge, William A. Fowler, and Fred Hoyle. For this work, Fowler won the for Physics in 1983 (with ), but Hoyle's original contribution was overlooked by the electors, and many were surprised that such a notable astronomer missed out.

In 1948, he formulated theory, one alternative to the Big Bang. Hoyle was a strong critic of the Big Bang. He coined the term on BBC radio's Third Programme broadcast on 28 March 1949.

Hoyle was in 1972. An asteroid 8077 Hoyle and Janibacter hoylei, species of bacteria discovered by ISRO scientists, named after him.

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19/08/2026

In the world of physics, there are many notable names that have helped shaped theories and question discoveries all in the quest to better understand the world and the universe. One man that deserves attention is a Russian-born American cosmologist and theoretical physicist and he is our third "scientist of the day" today.

It's death anniversary of , one of the foremost advocates & developers of the big-bang theory — —

(Scientist of the Day - 19 August)

Gamow devoted most of his time to science research in his early years but during the middle and latter parts of his career, he spent more time teaching and authored several popular science books, starting with “Mr. Tompkins in Wonderland” in 1939 (The Mr Tompkins series of books), "One Two Three... Infinity". Some of his books are still in print up until today, more than 50 years after they were first published - a testament of how relevant his books are in presenting the fundamental principles of science and mathematics.

His notably works:-

1) He discovered a theoretical explanation of alpha decay by quantum tunneling.
2) He invented the liquid drop model and the first mathematical model of the atomic nucleus.
3) He worked on radioactive decay, star formation, stellar nucleosynthesis and Big Bang nucleosynthesis (which he collectively called nucleocosmogenesis), and molecular genetics.

The famous 'αβγ paper' was created by Gamow with his PhD student and . Formally titled "The Origin of Chemical Elements", it was published in the April 1948 issue of .

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19/08/2026

18 years old an American boy became interested in the question of just why are atoms held a certain distance apart. How far apart are they when they are bonded together and what is it that holds them at this distance? What is the chemical bond between atoms? What are the structures of molecules?... Between 1925 to 1927, he studied with (fellowship) three great physicists: in Munich, in Zurich, and in Copenhagen. Later he became one of the founders of the fields of quantum chemistry and molecular biology. That American boy is our (second) "scientist of the day" today.

It's the death anniversary of — —

(Scientist of the Day - 19 August)

In Europe in the late 1920s Pauling began using quantum mechanics – specifically Shrödinger’s wave equation – to understand more complex systems consisting of multiple nuclei and multiple electrons i.e. chemical compounds. He devised valence bond theory and gave chemistry its now everyday concepts of electronegativity, orbital hybridization, and resonance. These concepts are crucial in the teaching and understanding of how chemical compounds form and behave.

Pauling had no interest in the philosophical implications of quantum theory which fascinated Niels Bohr, , and many other European physicists. He took a much more practical view: it works, it helps us understand chemistry, so we use it.

He is one of five people to have won more than one Nobel Prize (the others being Marie Curie, John Bardeen, Frederick Sanger and Karl Barry Sharpless). Of these, he is one of two people to be awarded Nobel Prizes in different fields, the other being . For his scientific work, Pauling was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954. For his peace activism, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962.

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19/08/2026

Today is August 19. Let me introduce you to a French man, who was a child prodigy. At the age of 16, he wrote a significant treatise on the subject of projective geometry. In 1642, While still a teenager (at the age of 18), he invented a (mechanical) calculator to help out his father. His contributions to physics were significant. That great French man is our (first) "scientist of the day" today. (Today we have three articles)

It's death anniversary of , the man who clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum - -

(Scientist of the Day - 19 August)

Pascal made contributions to mathematics, physics, and philosophy. In mathematics, you might recognize his name in Pascal's triangle. Further, he laid the foundation for the modern theory of probabilities.

He contributed to several fields in physics, most notably the fields of Fluid Mechanics and pressure. In 1646, he experimented with atmospheric pressure and discovered that vacuums exist in the real world. He also found that atmospheric pressure can be measured using real weights. His work in the fields of hydrodynamics and hydrostatics centered on the principles of hydraulic fluids. He invented the syringe and Hydraulic Press. He was one of the first two inventors of the mechanical calculator ( ).

The SI unit of pressure is named the Pascal, after him. The University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, holds an annual math contest named in Pascal's honour. Blaise Pascal Chairs are given to outstanding international scientists to conduct their research in the Ile de France region.

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18/08/2026

This famous quote, said during an interview with the German magazine "Der Spiegel" in October 1988.

According to Hawking, Physically, we, humans are tiny and unimportant in the big space of the cosmos. We live on a small rock near a normal star. We evolved from animals, much like monkeys but our minds can figure out how the stars, planets, and laws of physics work. This rare ability to think, learn, and know the universe makes human life truly amazing.

For your information, Hawking obtained his PhD in applied mathematics and theoretical physics, specialising in and cosmology. He is best remembered for his ground-breaking work on , his theory that they emit Hawking radiation, and his best-selling science book "A Brief History of Time".

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