28/09/2017
****Clear Handy Points*****)
• Trisomy 21 = Down syndrome. (Age for Drinking is 21)
• Trisomy 13 = Patau syndrome.(Age for Puberty in females is 13)
• Trisomy 18 = Edward syndrome.(Age for voting in Election is 18)
• Increased alpha feto protein plus increased albumin = Anencephaly.
• Vitamin A prevents squamous cell carcinoma.
• Right border of heart is made by right atrium.
• Trephine biopsy Indicates = aplastic anemia > ALL.
• In anesthesia halothane is always given with Nitric oxide.
• Most diagnostic test for TB = PCR > AFB > Caseous.
• Down syndrome occurs 1/100.
• Common ge***al vesicle is herpes simplex virus.
• Inferior orbital fissure contents are maxillary nerve and its zygomatic branch, inferior ophthalmic vein and sympathetic nerves and this fissure communicates with pterygo palatine fossa.
• Superior orbital fissure communicates with middle cranial fossa and it transmits lacrimal nerve, frontal nerve, trochlear nerve, oculomotor nerve, abducent nerve, nasociliary nerve and superior ophthalmic vein.
• Thyroid is the only endocrine gland that stores its secretions outside the cell.
• Sensations from the tip of nose are carried by ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve.
• Tensor tympani is supplied by mandibular division of trigeminal nerve.
• Stapedius is supplied by facial nerve.
• Nucleus raphe synthesize serotonin.
• Locus Ceruleus = Nor epinephrine.
• At term CRL = 36 cm and CHL = 50 cm.
• CRL used b/w 7 - 14 weeks.
• BPD is used 16 - 30 weeks.
• S***m life in ge***al tract is 24 to 48 hours.
• 2nd most common cause of osteoporosis in old age is Cushing syndrome.
• Prenatal chromosome is detected at 14 -18 weeks.
• Bronchial asthma plus hypertensive patient > Best drug Verapamil.
• Aphasia and facial nerve palsy > damage to middle meningeal artery.
• Diabetic plus hypertensive patient > Best drug Captopril.
• Inferior wall MI > Right marginal artery block.
• Epidermis of partoid gland is derived from ectoderm.
• To kill spores of surgical instrument > moist heat at 160 C for 1 hr.
• Food poisoning caused by Staph. Aureus is through entertoxin.
• Least positive value for Widal is 1:120.
• Trigeminal ganglion is completely covered by dura.
• Tactile sensation is carried by dorsal white column to medial leminiscus.
• Anti HBcAg = positive window period.
• MAP = diastolic +1/3 pulse pressure.
• Insulin secretion is inhibited by beta blocker.
• Highest triglyceride = VLDL.
• Highest cholesterol = LDL.
• Highest lipoprotein = HDL.
• Which is not a phospholipid = Plasmalogen.
• Best way to check bone density is the scan of spine.
• End break down of glucose is pyruvate.
• In pre eclamptic patient hydralazine is the drug of choice before surgery.
• In down syndrome: Triple test (alpha feto protein is decreased, b-HCG is increased and estriol is decreased) and if we add up inhibin which is increased then it will be called as Quadruple test.
• Identification of turner syndrome is by barr bodies.
• PLAP (Placental Alkaline Phosphatase) is a tumor marker in seminoma and ovarian carcinoma.
• Tubo ovarian abscess by IUCD - most causative agent is Actinomycosis.
• Major intracellular buffer is Hb.
• DVT more common in popliteal vein but pulmonary embolism is through femoral veins.
• Investigation of DIC D-dimers, FDPs, Platelet count and PT (except clotting time).
• Referred pain: Cervix S2-S3 O***y -T10-T11 Te**is -T10 Umbilicus -T10 Kidney T12-L2.
• Trimethoprim (co-trimoxazole ) side effect > megaloblastic anemia plus leukopenia.
• Sacrospinous ligament does NOT contribute in wall of perineum.
• Lesser omentum connects with duodenum.
• Sphincteric urethra is known as external urethral sphincter and is supplied by pudendal nerves where as internal os is supplied by inferior hypo gastric plexus.
• Nerve supply of re**um is hypogastric plexus.
• Uterine tube is 10 cm long.
• Urachal cyst is the remanant of allantois.
• Thyroid gland is derived from endoderm.
• Thymus and inferior parathyroid develops from 3rd branchial pouch.
• Superior para thyroid is developed from 4th brachial pouch.
• Diaphragmatic hernia occurs due to absence of pleuro peritoneal membrane.
• Superior thyroid artery is related to external laryngeal nerve which supplies posterior cricothyroid muscle of larynx and damage to it will cause hoarseness.
• Inferior thyroid artery is also related to recurrent laryngeal nerve which runs b/w trachea and esophagus and its most common injury is in thyroidectomy.
• In papillary carcinoma of thyroid > it occurs in young age and involves cervical lymph nodes.
• Tracheostomy is done at 2nd tracheal ring by pulling the isthmus inferiorly.
• Nonfunctional nodule or cold nodule has high chances of malignant transformation.
• Erythropoiesis in middle trimester is in the liver.
• Right coronary artery supplies SA node.
• Levator ani muscle is supplied by L2, L3 & L4.
• Defect in Bulbus Cordis results in VSD, hypertrophy of Right ventricle, conge***al cyanosis, transposition of great vessels (but not ASD).
Endocardial cushion is important for the formation of four chambers of heart.
• Thirst is least stimulated by blood pressure.
• Important hormone involved in gluconeogenesis is Cortisol.
• Apoptosis is inhibited by bcl-2 inhibition.
• Low serum complement in SLE.
C3b & IgG are Opsonins & C5a is chemotactic protein.
• Urea is an important indicator for muscle protein loss.
ESR is decreased when albumin is increased.
• Drug which does not cause gynecomastia is Androgen & drugs which cause gynecomastia are Digoxin, Girsoefulvin, Cimetidine, Androgens, Spironolactone and Ketoconazole.
Tx of hirstuism is Cyproterone Acetate.
• Pyruvic acid is intermediate from glucose to acetyl coA.
Epinephrine .nor epinephrine & dopamine are derived from tyrosine.
End product of Purine is Uric acid.
RBCs have glycolytic enzyme activity.
End product of glucose gives 2 Pyruvate.
Alanine should be taken in diet.
• Cisplatin is more notorious to cause renal toxicity.
• Dysplasia is seen in epithelia.
• MRNA has a codon.
• HSV is associated with vulvar papules.
• Wart on the lateral wall of introitus it is caused by HPV.
Plaque like lesion on posterior superior wall of va**na is squamous cell carcinoma.
• German Measles causes Conge***al Cataract.
Anterior abdominal wall swelling with umbilical cord attached to it in a new born baby is known as Omphalocele.
• Beta-lactam acts on the Cell Wall.
• Streptomycin causes ototoxity.
Isoniazid > Hepatotoxicity.
Pyrazinamide > Gout.
Rifampicin > red color of body secretions.
• Opportunistic organism > E. Coli.
Pseudomembranous colitis is caused by C. difficile.
Most common organism involved in gynecological & abdominal procedures is E.coli.
• Vulvular itching = Chlamydia; fish like smell; Bacterial Vaginosis.
• Vitamin K dependent: Factors 2, 7,9,10, Protein C, Protein S, Fibrinogen and Prothrombin.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic pathways of coagulation converge at factor 10.
• Threonine does not contain Sulfa group.
• Autosomal dominant is hereditary Spherocytosis & Poly cystic kidney disease.
• Lens opacity causing drugs >Chlorpromazine, Amidarone, Tamoxifen, Gold & Iron toxicity.
Drugs causing corneal opacity > Amiodarone, Chloroquine, Mepacrine & Copper.
• Ribosome have purple color on Eosin & Methylene blue staining
High energy content > Starch.
High energy compound > ATP
Antidote of warfarin is vitamin K but if action is more quickly required then FFP.
• Olfactory cells are the only neurons in the body that regenerates.
• Projectile vomiting greenish in color means bilious vomiting so it is due to duodenal atresia but if projectile vomiting non bilious then it is hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.
• Pulmonary trunk relation with the bronchus at the hilum of the lung-mnemonic is RALSR- Right Anterior & Left Superior.
• Rhino sinusitis is caused by Strep Pneumonia, H. Influenza, M Catarrahalis.
• Homan’s sign is present in DVT in which if you dorsiflex the foot there will be pain in calf muscles.
• Classic triad of Pulmonary Embolism: -
-Neurological manifestations.
-Petechial rash.
-Hypoxemia.
• Nitrogen bubbled precipitator in ascending divers and can be treated with hyperbaric oxygen.
• CT pulmonary angiography is the best test to detect Pulmonary Embolism.
• The most common infectious agent transmitted by blood transfusion is cytomegalovirus (CMV), which is present in donor lymphocytes.
• Before blood is transfused into newborns or patients with T-cell deficiencies, it must be irradiated to kill donor lymphocytes. This prevents the patient from developing a graft-versus-host reaction or a CMV infection.
• Yersinia enterocolitica, a pathogen that thrives on iron, is the most common contaminant of stored blood.
• Iron is stored in bone macrophages.
• Structures passing thru superior orbital fissure....
NOT-FAL
NASOCILLIARYOPTHALIMIC VEINTROCHLEARFRONTAL
ABDUCENTLACRIMAL
• Cranial Nerve Foramina
CN I passes through > cribriform plate
CN II > optic canal
CN III, IV, VI (ophthalmic division), VI > superior orbital fissure
(Maxillary div > foramen rotundum, mandibular div > foramen ovale)
CN VII, VIII > internal acoustic meatus
CN IX, X, XI(cranial root) > Jugular foramen (accessory nerve spinal root >foramen magnum)
CN XII > hypoglossal canal.****Clear Handy Points*****)
• Trisomy 21 = Down syndrome. (Age for Drinking is 21)
• Trisomy 13 = Patau syndrome.(Age for Puberty in females is 13)
• Trisomy 18 = Edward syndrome.(Age for voting in Election is 18)
• Increased alpha feto protein plus increased albumin = Anencephaly.
• Vitamin A prevents squamous cell carcinoma.
• Right border of heart is made by right atrium.
• Trephine biopsy Indicates = aplastic anemia > ALL.
• In anesthesia halothane is always given with Nitric oxide.
• Most diagnostic test for TB = PCR > AFB > Caseous.
• Down syndrome occurs 1/100.
• Common ge***al vesicle is herpes simplex virus.
• Inferior orbital fissure contents are maxillary nerve and its zygomatic branch, inferior ophthalmic vein and sympathetic nerves and this fissure communicates with pterygo palatine fossa.
• Superior orbital fissure communicates with middle cranial fossa and it transmits lacrimal nerve, frontal nerve, trochlear nerve, oculomotor nerve, abducent nerve, nasociliary nerve and superior ophthalmic vein.
• Thyroid is the only endocrine gland that stores its secretions outside the cell.
• Sensations from the tip of nose are carried by ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve.
• Tensor tympani is supplied by mandibular division of trigeminal nerve.
• Stapedius is supplied by facial nerve.
• Nucleus raphe synthesize serotonin.
• Locus Ceruleus = Nor epinephrine.
• At term CRL = 36 cm and CHL = 50 cm.
• CRL used b/w 7 - 14 weeks.
• BPD is used 16 - 30 weeks.
• S***m life in ge***al tract is 24 to 48 hours.
• 2nd most common cause of osteoporosis in old age is Cushing syndrome.
• Prenatal chromosome is detected at 14 -18 weeks.
• Bronchial asthma plus hypertensive patient > Best drug Verapamil.
• Aphasia and facial nerve palsy > damage to middle meningeal artery.
• Diabetic plus hypertensive patient > Best drug Captopril.
• Inferior wall MI > Right marginal artery block.
• Epidermis of partoid gland is derived from ectoderm.
• To kill spores of surgical instrument > moist heat at 160 C for 1 hr.
• Food poisoning caused by Staph. Aureus is through entertoxin.
• Least positive value for Widal is 1:120.
• Trigeminal ganglion is completely covered by dura.
• Tactile sensation is carried by dorsal white column to medial leminiscus.
• Anti HBcAg = positive window period.
• MAP = diastolic +1/3 pulse pressure.
• Insulin secretion is inhibited by beta blocker.
• Highest triglyceride = VLDL.
• Highest cholesterol = LDL.
• Highest lipoprotein = HDL.
• Which is not a phospholipid = Plasmalogen.
• Best way to check bone density is the scan of spine.
• End break down of glucose is pyruvate.
• In pre eclamptic patient hydralazine is the drug of choice before surgery.
• In down syndrome: Triple test (alpha feto protein is decreased, b-HCG is increased and estriol is decreased) and if we add up inhibin which is increased then it will be called as Quadruple test.
• Identification of turner syndrome is by barr bodies.
• PLAP (Placental Alkaline Phosphatase) is a tumor marker in seminoma and ovarian carcinoma.
• Tubo ovarian abscess by IUCD - most causative agent is Actinomycosis.
• Major intracellular buffer is Hb.
• DVT more common in popliteal vein but pulmonary embolism is through femoral veins.
• Investigation of DIC D-dimers, FDPs, Platelet count and PT (except clotting time).
• Referred pain: Cervix S2-S3 O***y -T10-T11 Te**is -T10 Umbilicus -T10 Kidney T12-L2.
• Trimethoprim (co-trimoxazole ) side effect > megaloblastic anemia plus leukopenia.
• Sacrospinous ligament does NOT contribute in wall of perineum.
• Lesser omentum connects with duodenum.
• Sphincteric urethra is known as external urethral sphincter and is supplied by pudendal nerves where as internal os is supplied by inferior hypo gastric plexus.
• Nerve supply of re**um is hypogastric plexus.
• Uterine tube is 10 cm long.
• Urachal cyst is the remanant of allantois.
• Thyroid gland is derived from endoderm.
• Thymus and inferior parathyroid develops from 3rd branchial pouch.
• Superior para thyroid is developed from 4th brachial pouch.
• Diaphragmatic hernia occurs due to absence of pleuro peritoneal membrane.
• Superior thyroid artery is related to external laryngeal nerve which supplies posterior cricothyroid muscle of larynx and damage to it will cause hoarseness.
• Inferior thyroid artery is also related to recurrent laryngeal nerve which runs b/w trachea and esophagus and its most common injury is in thyroidectomy.
• In papillary carcinoma of thyroid > it occurs in young age and involves cervical lymph nodes.
• Tracheostomy is done at 2nd tracheal ring by pulling the isthmus inferiorly.
• Nonfunctional nodule or cold nodule has high chances of malignant transformation.
• Erythropoiesis in middle trimester is in the liver.
• Right coronary artery supplies SA node.
• Levator ani muscle is supplied by L2, L3 & L4.
• Defect in Bulbus Cordis results in VSD, hypertrophy of Right ventricle, conge***al cyanosis, transposition of great vessels (but not ASD).
Endocardial cushion is important for the formation of four chambers of heart.
• Thirst is least stimulated by blood pressure.
• Important hormone involved in gluconeogenesis is Cortisol.
• Apoptosis is inhibited by bcl-2 inhibition.
• Low serum complement in SLE.
C3b & IgG are Opsonins & C5a is chemotactic protein.
• Urea is an important indicator for muscle protein loss.
ESR is decreased when albumin is increased.
• Drug which does not cause gynecomastia is Androgen & drugs which cause gynecomastia are Digoxin, Girsoefulvin, Cimetidine, Androgens, Spironolactone and Ketoconazole.
Tx of hirstuism is Cyproterone Acetate.
• Pyruvic acid is intermediate from glucose to acetyl coA.
Epinephrine .nor epinephrine & dopamine are derived from tyrosine.
End product of Purine is Uric acid.
RBCs have glycolytic enzyme activity.
End product of glucose gives 2 Pyruvate.
Alanine should be taken in diet.
• Cisplatin is more notorious to cause renal toxicity.
• Dysplasia is seen in epithelia.
• MRNA has a codon.
• HSV is associated with vulvar papules.
• Wart on the lateral wall of introitus it is caused by HPV.
Plaque like lesion on posterior superior wall of va**na is squamous cell carcinoma.
• German Measles causes Conge***al Cataract.
Anterior abdominal wall swelling with umbilical cord attached to it in a new born baby is known as Omphalocele.
• Beta-lactam acts on the Cell Wall.
• Streptomycin causes ototoxity.
Isoniazid > Hepatotoxicity.
Pyrazinamide > Gout.
Rifampicin > red color of body secretions.
• Opportunistic organism > E. Coli.
Pseudomembranous colitis is caused by C. difficile.
Most common organism involved in gynecological & abdominal procedures is E.coli.
• Vulvular itching = Chlamydia; fish like smell; Bacterial Vaginosis.
• Vitamin K dependent: Factors 2, 7,9,10, Protein C, Protein S, Fibrinogen and Prothrombin.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic pathways of coagulation converge at factor 10.
• Threonine does not contain Sulfa group.
• Autosomal dominant is hereditary Spherocytosis & Poly cystic kidney disease.
• Lens opacity causing drugs >Chlorpromazine, Amidarone, Tamoxifen, Gold & Iron toxicity.
Drugs causing corneal opacity > Amiodarone, Chloroquine, Mepacrine & Copper.
• Ribosome have purple color on Eosin & Methylene blue staining
High energy content > Starch.
High energy compound > ATP
Antidote of warfarin is vitamin K but if action is more quickly required then FFP.
• Olfactory cells are the only neurons in the body that regenerates.
• Projectile vomiting greenish in color means bilious vomiting so it is due to duodenal atresia but if projectile vomiting non bilious then it is hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.
• Pulmonary trunk relation with the bronchus at the hilum of the lung-mnemonic is RALSR- Right Anterior & Left Superior.
• Rhino sinusitis is caused by Strep Pneumonia, H. Influenza, M Catarrahalis.
• Homan’s sign is present in DVT in which if you dorsiflex the foot there will be pain in calf muscles.
• Classic triad of Pulmonary Embolism: -
-Neurological manifestations.
-Petechial rash.
-Hypoxemia.
• Nitrogen bubbled precipitator in ascending divers and can be treated with hyperbaric oxygen.
• CT pulmonary angiography is the best test to detect Pulmonary Embolism.
• The most common infectious agent transmitted by blood transfusion is cytomegalovirus (CMV), which is present in donor lymphocytes.
• Before blood is transfused into newborns or patients with T-cell deficiencies, it must be irradiated to kill donor lymphocytes. This prevents the patient from developing a graft-versus-host reaction or a CMV infection.
• Yersinia enterocolitica, a pathogen that thrives on iron, is the most common contaminant of stored blood.
• Iron is stored in bone macrophages.
• Structures passing thru superior orbital fissure....
NOT-FAL
NASOCILLIARYOPTHALIMIC VEINTROCHLEARFRONTAL
ABDUCENTLACRIMAL
• Cranial Nerve Foramina
CN I passes through > cribriform plate
CN II > optic canal
CN III, IV, VI (ophthalmic division), VI > superior orbital fissure
(Maxillary div > foramen rotundum, mandibular div > foramen ovale)
CN VII, VIII > internal acoustic meatus
CN IX, X, XI(cranial root) > Jugular foramen (accessory nerve spinal root >foramen magnum)
CN XII > hypoglossal canal.
