Chemistry Club

Isomers Organisation....

Trivial Names of Some Fused polycyclic Hydrocarbons...

Eric Weiner is an American author. His most famous book is "The Geography of Genius: A Search for the World's Most Creative Places from Ancient Athens to Silicon Valley". In this book, Wiener writes, "certain places, during a certain period of time, produce very brilliant minds and high thoughts".
The name of a city in India was also included in the list of Wiener. Calcutta (today what we call Kolkata). And the period Wiener describes was the years 1840 to 1920. Consider the 1920s in particular. Physicists like CV Raman, Satyendra Nath Bose, and Meghnad Saha were simultaneously active in Calcutta during this period. During this period, three major discoveries were made in the field of physics in India. In 1920, Meghnad Saha discovered the thermal ionization equation. Raman Effect was discovered in 1928 and the third thing was that which we are going to discuss today.
Satyendra Nath Bose and 'The God Particle'
On July 4, 2012, a physical particle was discovered during testing at the Geneva Large Hadron Collider. The name was the Higgs-boson, which was then also called the God particle. Simply put, the Higgs boson is that particle, which gives mass or say mass to molecules like electron-protons. Now the name Higgs-boson is made up of two parts. The first, the Higgs, is derived from the name of the scientist Peter Higgs. Peter Higgs was the scientist who told for the first time in 1964 that there must be such a particle. The Higgs statement proved to be true after 47 years.
The second part of the Higgs-boson i.e. the name boson is also not new. About 98 years ago today, special types of molecules got the name boson. The one who named these molecules bosons was Paul Dirac. He is considered one of the greatest scientists of the 20th century. Einstein said about Dirac, who won the Nobel in Physics in 1933, 'either this man is mad or genius'.
The scientist after whom Dirac named the boson was Satyendra Nath Bose. Why was a boson named after Bose? For this, one has to know the story of Bose and what was his contribution.
Satyendra Nath Bose's career begins in 1919. While teaching at the University of Calcutta, he did the first translation of Einstein and Minkowski's Principles of Relativity paper into English. His partner in this work was Meghnad Saha. And the foreword of this paper was written by PC Mahlonobis.
After this, Satyendra Naam Bose wrote two more papers in 1924 while working in Dhaka. One of these was named, 'Planck's Law, and the Hypothesis of Light Quanta'. This paper was supposed to revolutionize particle physics. But there would have been a revolution when one could understand it. Bose sent his paper to be published in the Philosophical Magazine of the Royal Society of London. But the society refused to print it. After this Bose sent this research paper to Germany, Albert Einstein. A note was sent along with, in which it was written that if they find this useful, then please get it printed in Germany's Research Magazine. Einstein got Bose's research paper translated and printed in German language. With this research paper, Einstein also printed a comment of his.
Now what was this remark, for this a little explanation has to be given as to what Bose had written in the research paper. The taste of kheer is known only after eating it. So let's move on to a little science. It is the year 1900. Max Planck was working on black body radiation. In simple language, things radiate different colors at different temperatures. For example, when iron is heated, it appears red in color. That is why you see pale blue colors in the pictures of distant galaxies. Now this radiation contains all kinds of rays, such as UV, infrared etc.
Will plot a graph of radiation coming out of things at different temperatures. This graph shows how the radiation will be, depending on the frequency. Now to understand this graph, a mathematical equation was needed. Till then only the laws of classical physics followed, that is, the physics which was coming from the time of Newton. But the problem was that the laws of classical physics were turning everything upside down. For example, according to the laws of classical physics, energy at high frequencies was reaching infinity, whereas in reality nothing like this happens. That's why Plank was very upset. By the way, he kept some things out and worked out an equation which was something like this,
E = Nhf. In this equation, E is the energy and f is the frequency. and nh is a constant coefficient that was later called the Planck constant.
Although the world runs on physics, but this equation changed the world of physics itself. Now see what this equation is saying. According to this equation, energy is not continuous but in small packets. For example, if you give money to someone, then you have to give it in the coefficient of some value. Like 100 coins of 1 rupee, 200 coins of 50 paise, or a note of 100. Now compare it with water. There is no minimum coefficient of water, water is continuous, not in packets. Until now it was believed that energy would be continuous, but this equation was telling that energy moves in small packets.
Planck gave these packets of energy a name, quanta. Look what this quanta created a ruckus. Light is also a type of energy. And according to this equation, that too will be in small packets. But until then light was considered a wave. Its particle nature was not discovered. This is where Quantum Theory started. Plank was upset. According to this theory, everything had to go wrong, so he wrote in his research paper, I somehow made the equation, but its principle is not known and it has to be found at any cost.
In the year 1905, Einstein came to Planck's help and explained the photoelectric effect through quanta. Yet for the next 20 years, quantum theory lay on the sidelines. Around 1924, Satyendra Nath Bose himself was researching quantum theory. He had Planck's equation in front of him but it had no derivative. Meaning which principle is working behind this, it was not known yet. It was not clear how the packets of energy i.e. quanta, which then got the name of photon, work. While doing research on this, he wrote his research paper and sent it to Einstein. Together he wrote that he has tried to derive Planck's law without using the laws of classical physics.
magic of quantum mechanics.
In this paper, Bose explains that photons do not behave like electrons or proton particles. Their number keeps on increasing. Sometimes they get absorbed and sometimes they get irradiated. Then Maxwell Boltzmann statistics were used to study the behavior of classical particles. It's a heavy word, but don't worry, just understand how many molecules will be at what energy, statistics is the way to count it. Bose said that quantum particles do not behave like the things around us. Therefore, to know their behavior, we have to create a new type of statistics i.e. statistics.
This idea was carried forward by Einstein and a new type of statistics was started for molecules like photons, which got the name, 'Bose-Einstein statistics'. Einstein said that this does not happen only with photons, there may be some other particles, which behave like this. For example helium-4 gas. Now ask, this is all pure science, what's the fun in this?
So for that you have to do one thing. Search video on youtube, helium-four super fluid. And see the magic. When liquid helium-4 is cooled to -273 °C, this isotope of helium starts acting strangely. Liquid helium suddenly starts climbing on the walls of the glass, as if it is not being affected by gravity. Helium automatically seeps through the bottom of the glass as if solids could pass through the glass. Apart from this, make a fountain for it, then it will continue to run without any external energy.
This is the magic of quantum mechanics. And this state of matter got the name 'Bose Einstein Condensate'. And the molecules that behaved like this got the name boson. Named after Bose, who first explained the behavior of such molecules. When Bose sent his research paper to Einstein, Einstein also sent his comment while getting it printed. In it it was written,
'I think the derivative of Planck's law that Bose has derived helps us to understand the quantum effect. The quantum theory of the behavior of gases can also be explained by Bose's method.

As soon as this research paper was published, Bose became famous all over the world. After some time he sent another paper to Einstein, it was also printed, but Einstein did not agree with some things. Bose had also sent a third paper, but it was not even printed, and today no trace of it is found. Abraham Paris, Einstein's biographer and physicist himself, said in 1982 that Bose's paper was a revolutionary step in the introduction of quantum physics. He placed it in the ranks of the papers of Max Planck, Einstein, and Neil Bohr.

Displacement reaction

Frederick George Donnan who died on 16 dec. in Canterbury, Kent, England in 1956). He was British chemist whose work was instrumental in the development of colloid chemistry. In 1911 Donnan studied the conditions under which equilibrium is established between two electrolytic solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane—that is, by a membrane through which the solvent and some, but not all, of the dissolved ions can pass. In the absence of such a membrane, the solvent and every species of dissolved ion will diffuse freely from each solution into the other, until the composition of the two solutions becomes the same. The semipermeable membrane, however, prevents the transfer of at least one ionic species, and the preservation of electrical neutrality limits the diffusion of that species’ oppositely charged partner.

The metal Gallium can melt in the hand .....