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The number system is simply a system to represent or express numbers.

There are various types of number systems and the most commonly used ones are

1.Decimal number system

2.Binary number system

3.Octal number system

4.Hexadecimal number system.

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Repeater – A repeater operates at the physical layer.

Its job is to regenerate the signal over the same network before the signal becomes too weak or corrupted so as to extend the length to which the signal can be transmitted over the same network.

An important point to be noted about repeaters is that they do not amplify the signal.

When the signal becomes weak, they copy the signal bit by bit and regenerate it at the original strength.

It is a 2 port device.

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Routers – A router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based on their IP addresses.

Router is mainly a Network Layer device. Routers normally connect LANs and WANs together and have a dynamically updating routing table based on which they make decisions on routing the data packets.

Router divide broadcast domains of hosts connected through it.

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Switch – A switch is a multiport bridge with a buffer and a design that can boost its efficiency(a large number of ports imply less traffic) and performance.

A switch is a data link layer device.

The switch can perform error checking before forwarding data, that makes it very efficient as it does not forward packets that have errors and forward good packets selectively to correct port only .

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Bridge – A bridge operates at data link layer.

A bridge is a repeater, with add on the functionality of filtering content by reading the MAC addresses of source and destination.

It is also used for interconnecting two LANs working on the same protocol.

It has a single input and single output port, thus making it a 2 port device.

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Switch – A switch is a multiport bridge with a buffer and a design that can boost its efficiency(a large number of ports imply less traffic) and performance.

A switch is a data link layer device.

The switch can perform error checking before forwarding data, that makes it very efficient as it does not forward packets that have errors and forward good packets selectively to correct port only

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Gateway – A gateway is the is a passage to connect two networks together that may work upon different networking models.

They basically work as the messenger agents that take data from one system, interpret it, and transfer it to another system.

Gateways are also called protocol converters and can operate at any network layer.

Gateways are generally more complex than switch or router.

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Hub – A hub is basically a multiport repeater.

A hub connects multiple wires coming from different branches, for example, the connector in star topology which connects different stations.

Hubs cannot filter data, so data packets are sent to all connected devices.