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12/09/2025

AI, Machine Learning, and GenAI – What’s the Difference?

Before diving into exploratory data analysis (EDA), it’s important to understand the broader AI landscape and where Machine Learning (ML) and Generative AI (GenAI) fit into financial risk modeling. Here is a brief run-down:

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

AI refers to any system that can perform tasks requiring human intelligence, such as recognizing patterns, making decisions, or processing language. It is a broad category that includes both traditional rule-based systems and Machine Learning (ML) models that improve based on data.


What is Machine Learning (ML)?

Machine learning is a subset of AI that learns from historical data to predict future outcomes. In financial services, ML models are used for credit scoring, fraud detection, and risk assessment.

Example: A logistic regression model trained on customer repayment history to predict the likelihood of delinquency.

What is Generative AI (GenAI)?

GenAI is a specialized form of AI that can create new content, such as text, images, or structured code, based on training data. Unlike ML, which is designed for structured predictions, GenAI assists with automation, summarization, and data exploration—making it a valuable tool in EDA.

Example: Using GenAI to generate a summary of credit risk trends instead of manually coding an exploratory analysis.

You won’t be building an ML model from scratch, but you will:

📊 Explore patterns in financial data that inform risk assessment.
⚙️ Use GenAI tools to summarize insights and guide predictive modeling.
🌍 Understand how AI-driven predictions influence real-world decisions

11/12/2024

State the difference between mobile device testing and mobile application testing

Mobile Device Testing:

Mobile device testing is typically conducted to ensure the quality of the mobile device itself. The process involves testing hardware and software. These tests are generally being conducted to verify the mobile device itself and to test features such as Call, SMS, Memory, Camera, Media Player, inbuilt browsers, etc.

Mobile Application Testing:

Applications must undergo this whole testing process to survive in today's market. Performance, security, and user interface, and other aspects of the application are also scrutinized (tested) in order to ensure the best possible quality for end-users. This type of testing includes functional, performance, usability, security, load, and other types. Then, you can find out if the targeted application is of high quality, if it is compatible with the device, if it has the right hardware, software, and network connections, etc.

Send a message to learn more

15/09/2024

𝐈𝐧 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐞𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐝𝐚𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬, 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐝𝐨? 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲 𝐚𝐬 𝐝𝐨𝐧𝐞?

𝐼𝑓 𝐼 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠, 𝐼 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒. 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒'𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐼 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑑𝑜:

𝟏. 𝐑𝐞𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬: I would immediately report the defects to the development team and the product owner, providing detailed descriptions and steps to reproduce the issues.

𝟐. 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦: I would discuss the findings with the team and the product owner to determine the best course of action.

𝟑. 𝐏𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐳𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬: We would prioritize the defects based on their severity and impact on the product.

𝟒. 𝐍𝐞𝐠𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐰𝐧𝐞𝐫: If the defects are critical, I would negotiate with the product owner to remove the story from the current sprint and move it to the next sprint.

𝟓. 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐟𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐛𝐚𝐜𝐤: I would provide feedback to the development team on the defects and work with them to ensure they understand the issues.

𝟔. 𝐍𝐨𝐭 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤 𝐚𝐬 𝐝𝐨𝐧𝐞: I would not mark the story as done until all critical defects are fixed and retested.

Remember, as a tester, my goal is to ensure the product meets the required quality standards. Marking a story as done with known defects would compromise that goal.

𝑩𝒚 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒑𝒔, 𝒘𝒆 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆, 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒊𝒇 𝒊𝒕 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒚 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒆𝒙𝒕 𝒔𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒕.

14/08/2024



QMS stands for Quality Management System. It is a set of policies, procedures, and processes that an organization implements to ensure the quality of its products or services. A QMS is designed to help organizations meet customer requirements, industry standards, and regulatory requirements, while also continually improving their overall performance.

A QMS typically includes:

1. Quality Policy: A statement that defines the organization's commitment to quality.
2. Quality Objectives: Specific goals that the organization aims to achieve through its QMS.
3. Quality Manual: A document that outlines the organization's QMS policies, procedures, and processes.
4. Procedures: Detailed instructions for performing specific tasks or activities.
5. Processes: Series of steps that transform inputs into outputs.
6. Quality Control: Activities that ensure the quality of products or services.
7. Quality Assurance: Activities that ensure the QMS is operating effectively.
8. Continuous Improvement: Activities that identify and address opportunities for improvement.

The benefits of a QMS include:

1. Improved customer satisfaction
2. Increased efficiency and productivity
3. Reduced errors and defects
4. Enhanced reputation and credibility
5. Compliance with regulations and industry standards
6. Continuous improvement and innovation

Some popular QMS frameworks and standards include:

1. ISO 9001
2. Six Sigma
3. Lean
4. Total Quality Management (TQM)
5. Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI)

Note: QMS is a broad term that encompasses various frameworks and standards, each with its own specific requirements and guidelines.

07/06/2024

Explaining 9 types of API testing.

🔹 Smoke Testing
This is done after API development is complete. Simply validate if the APIs are working and nothing breaks.

🔹 Functional Testing
This creates a test plan based on the functional requirements and compares the results with the expected results.

🔹 Integration Testing
This test combines several API calls to perform end-to-end tests. The intra-service communications and data transmissions are tested.

🔹 Regression Testing
This test ensures that bug fixes or new features shouldn’t break the existing behaviors of APIs.

🔹 Load Testing
This tests applications’ performance by simulating different loads. Then we can calculate the capacity of the application.

🔹 Stress Testing
We deliberately create high loads to the APIs and test if the APIs are able to function normally.

🔹 Security Testing
This tests the APIs against all possible external threats.

🔹 UI Testing
This tests the UI interactions with the APIs to make sure the data can be displayed properly.

🔹 Fuzz Testing
This injects invalid or unexpected input data into the API and tries to crash the API. In this way, it identifies the API vulnerabilities.

15/11/2023



1. IT Company Structure

===================

What is the difference between product manager and project manager.
What are the various departments in an IT company?
Explain role of various departments in completing IT software projects?
Provide details about PMO (Project management Office)?
What is the role of a business analyst and product manager in compiling requirements and enhancing product features?
What are the major roles and activities perform by software development department?
What is the role of QA department?
List out the various technical resources work under IT operations dept?

===================
SDLC V-Model Waterfall Agile
===================
What do you understand by SDLC?
Is SDLC a part of QA department or entire IT company?
Explain each phase of SDLC in detail?
How various IT departments are related with each phases of SDLC?
What is V-Model?
Advantages of V-Model?
What is Waterfall Development?
What is Agile Development System?
Can you explain V-Model on Waterfall and Agile system?

===================
STLC
===================
What do you understand by STLC?
Why STLC is important?
How STLC differs from SDLC?
Explain various phases of STLC?
Can STLC differs from company to company?

===================
Testers Qualities
===================
What are the qualities of a good software tester?
As a tester what qualities do you have?

===================
Different types of testing
===================
What is the difference between Verification and Validation Testing
What is functional testing?
What is system testing?
What is smoke testing?
What is sanity testing?
What is regression testing?
What is exploratory testing?
What is usability testing?
What is user acceptance testing?
What is alpha testing?
What is beta testing?
What are different types of testing you will recommend for Gmail application
What are various types of testing you will recommend for amazon.com web site?
What is non-functional testing?
Define manual and automation testing?
Differentiate between white box and black box testing?
What is Ad-hoc Testing?
What is Automation Testing?

===================
Test Cases
===================
What do you understand by a test case?
What is test scenario?
What is test data?
Describe few test cases which you have developed for your previous projects?
Write test cases for gmail login page?
What do you understand by a good test case?
What are the guidelines for writing good test cases?
Why test data is important?
Develop test cases for flight reservation application?

===================
Test Plan
===================
What is the objective of a test plan document?
Explain various sections of a test plan document?
Is test plan document useful only to QA department? If not then how does it useful to other IT departments?
What do you understand by testing environment?
Why test plan is important?
How to write an effective test plan? Describe process in detail?

===================
Test Strategy
===================
What do you understand by test strategy?
How test strategy document is different than test plan document?
How do you create test strategy document?
What are the components of test strategy document?

===================
Task Estimation
===================
What is task estimation?
Why task estimation is required?
Traceability Matrix
What do you understand by requirement traceability matrix(RTM)?
What are the various parameters included while creating a requirement traceability matrix?
What are the advantages of requirement traceability matrix?
Develop traceability matrix for flight reservation application?

===================
Requirement
===================
What is difference between FRS and SRS?
Which tool did you use for developing requirements?
How do you collect requirement?
What do you mean by a good requirement?
What is JAD and RAD?
Who develop requirements?
What is UML?
What is use case? Can we generate many test cases from one use case?
What is user story?
What is BRS?
What is FRS?
What is SRS?
What is sequence diagram?
What is CM template?

===================
Defect Management
===================
What do you understand by defect or bug in a software product?
Define defect life cycle?
Why do software defects occur? List few important defects which you found in your previous projects?
What do you understand by a defect report or bug report?
What are the various sections included in a bug report?
What actions need to be taken once a defect is detected?

===================
Testing Methodology
===================
Which testing methodology did you use in your last project?
Explain how did you use agile in your projects?
Which one do you like – waterfall or agile? Why?
What is sprint?
What does scrum master do?
Integration Management
What is release?
What is build?
What is change management(CM)?
What is CCB?
What is configuration management?
What is version control?
What are the various tasks which are done by integration management team?

===================
Case Study Base Questions
===================

Explain how to develop at least 10 test cases for Gmail login page?
You are hired by yahoo and they put you on yahoo portal as tester. What are the different types of testing you will recommend and why?
Explain atleast 15 items which you like to test for any specific e-commerce web site?
Please visit http://newtours.demoaut.com and test the site. Enlist at least 10 defects which you found during testing?
What test cases you will like to develop for amazon e-cart and payment modules?
Using HRM functional requirement document, can you list all the items which you like to test?
Develop atleast 10 test case for HRM project?
List broader areas which you like to test for any generic web site portal?
What are the items you like to cover under GUI testing?
Explain what do you like to test under backend testing for HRM web application?
Explain what will you cover under security testing for HRM web application?
Explain how will you do performance testing for yahoo web site?
Explain how HRM project will be completed under agile methodology?

===================
Assignment
===================
Write manual test cases – Live scenario Gmail login functionality test case.
With Valid email and correct password.
With Valid email and incorrect password.
With invalid email id
Write atleast 10 manual test cases for HRM project.
Create list of modules you would test for an E-commerce website?
Write following test cases for Flight Reservation System:
Login successful with valid username and password.
Login unsuccessful with valid username and invalid password.
Login unsuccessful with valid username and empty password.
Login unsuccessful with invalid username and password.
To check whether the application is accepting the date in DD/MM/YY format
Check the drop down list box for Fly To is populating different cities around the world as per instructed by the CLIENT.
Price of Entire Order changing depending on the CLASS selected by user.
Insert order in economy class for 2 persons from London to Denver
Create one good template for test strategy.
Do Requirement analysis of HRM project.
Create list of items to test from HRM Project. (functional requirement doc)?
Create a traceability matrix template which covers all essential fields?
Create traceability matrix for HRM project?
Test http://newtours.demoaut.com and compile list of atleast 8 defects.
Design a template for a good test plan which covers all essentials fields
How would you do task estimation for a project, create a sample document for task estimation?

===================
Interview drill
===================
Mandatory Section (Level -1):

1) Can you develop Test Cases for web portals using requirement ? Explain the process?
2) Can you develop Test Cases for web applications without using requirement? Explain the process?
3) Are you comfortable designing test cases? Explain how to write test cases? What it contains?
4) What is Test Plan? Do you know how to develop Test Plan document for any application which you working on? Explain what are sections include in test plan document?
5) Explain few defects which you found in your projects? How did you report defects in your project (I mean your defect management process)? What bug report contains?
6) Explain Testing methodology did you use in your projects?
7) Have you develop traceability matrix (RTM)? Explain what it contains and why you develop this document?
8) What was your usual daily tasks as software tester?

===================
Medium Level ( Level -2):
===================
9) How will you do task estimation for your project? Can you show me sample which you develop for HRM project or any of your other projects?
10) What are different types of testing you are familiar? Please explain each one connecting with your projects?
11) Explain test environment of travel portal, e-learning portal, HRM and e-commerce projects?
12) Explain release and cycle processes of your projects?
13) Explain your project team structure? How do they use to work in agile methodology?
14) Can you explain about how you were doing weekly status reporting? What status report contains?

===================
Advance Level ( Level 3 ):

===================
15) Explain various manual testing documents which you developed for your various projects?
16) Explain various testing methodologies you are familiar or apply in your projects?
17) What will you test in E-commerce project? Explain in detail?
18) What will you test under GUI testing?
19) Explain structure of your QA deptt in general?
20) Explain various types of requirement documents you are familiar with? What they contain?
21) Explain following terms:
a) Test Strategy b) Exit criteria c) Control procedures
22) You have to test many things (too many test cases) and you have a very short time left to finish the release. How will you handle testing that situation?
23) How will you test any web portal or application in general? List as many as possible general items which you will test?

12/08/2023

Nykaa is a popular online beauty and cosmetics retailer. Test cases for Nykaa's website or mobile application can cover various aspects of the shopping experience, including product browsing, user accounts, payments, and more. Below are some test cases to consider:

User Registration and Login:
---------------------------------
Verify that users can create a new account with valid details.
Verify that existing users can log in with their credentials.
Verify that users receive appropriate error messages for invalid login attempts.
Verify that users can reset their passwords if forgotten.

Browsing Products:
---------------------------------
Verify that users can browse products by categories (e.g., skincare, makeup, haircare).
Verify that users can use search to find specific products.
Verify that the product listings show accurate details (name, price, description, ratings).
Verify that users can filter products by various attributes (price, brand, rating).

Product Details:
---------------------------------
Verify that clicking on a product shows detailed information.
Verify that users can view product images, descriptions, and customer reviews.
Verify that the "Add to Cart" button works as expected.

Shopping Cart:
---------------------------------
Verify that users can add multiple products to their cart.
Verify that the cart shows the correct items, quantities, and prices.
Verify that users can update quantities or remove items from the cart.
Verify that the cart total is calculated accurately.

Checkout and Payments:
---------------------------------
Verify that users can proceed to checkout from the cart.
Verify that users can enter shipping and billing details.
Verify that users can choose different payment methods (credit/debit card, net banking, COD).
Verify that the payment process is secure and confirms successful payments.
Verify that users receive order confirmation with relevant details.

User Account Management:
---------------------------------
Verify that users can edit their account information (email, address, password).
Verify that users can view their order history and status.
Verify that users can track their orders.

Promotions and Discounts:
---------------------------------
Verify that users can apply coupon codes during checkout.
Verify that discounts are applied correctly to the order total.
Verify that users are notified of ongoing promotions or sales.

Responsive Design and Cross-Browser Compatibility:
--------------------------------------------------
Verify that the website works well on different devices (desktop, mobile, tablet).
Verify that the website functions properly on popular web browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge).

Performance Testing:
---------------------------------
Test the website's performance under different loads to ensure it remains responsive and functional.
Test the website's speed, especially during peak shopping periods.

Security Testing:
---------------------------------
Verify that sensitive user data (such as payment information) is transmitted securely (HTTPS).
Test for potential vulnerabilities to ensure user data is protected.

12/08/2023

Test cases for Netflix, the popular streaming service, can be comprehensive and cover various aspects of the application to ensure its functionality, usability, and performance.

Below, I'll provide a set of test cases that cover different areas of Netflix:

User Authentication:
=====================

Verify that users can successfully create a new account.

Verify that users can log in with valid credentials.

Verify that users receive appropriate error messages for invalid login attempts.

Verify that users can reset their passwords.

Browsing Content:
==============

Verify that users can browse the library by different genres (e.g., action, comedy, drama).

Verify that users can search for specific movies or TV shows.

Verify that the content is categorized correctly.

Playing Content:
===============

Verify that users can start playback of a movie or TV show.

Verify that playback controls (play, pause, forward, rewind) work as expected.

Verify that video quality adjusts based on the user's internet connection.

Verify that users can switch between different audio and subtitle options.

Verify that content resumes from where the user left off (if applicable).

User Profile:
================

Verify that users can create and edit their profiles.

Verify that users can set parental controls.

Verify that user preferences (e.g., language, autoplay settings) are saved and applied.

Account Management:
================

Verify that users can update their account information (email, password, payment method).

Verify that users can cancel their subscription.

Verify that users receive appropriate notifications (e.g., payment confirmation, subscription renewal).

Cross-Device Compatibility:
=====================

Verify that the application works seamlessly on various devices (smartphones, tablets, smart TVs, web browsers).

Verify that users can start watching on one device and continue on another.

Performance and Load Testing:
====================

Simulate high user traffic to ensure the system handles load efficiently without crashing or slowing down significantly.

Test the application's performance on devices with varying processing power and network conditions.

Security Testing:
=====================

Verify that sensitive user information (such as payment details) is securely transmitted and stored.

Test for potential vulnerabilities (SQL injection, XSS) to ensure user data is protected.

Accessibility Testing:
=====================

Verify that the application is usable for users with disabilities (screen readers, keyboard navigation, color contrast).

Localization Testing:
=====================

Verify that the application works well in different languages and regions.

Test the accuracy of subtitles and dubbing for non-English content.

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