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Chinese Restaurant Features Robot Waiters and Cooks

BEIJING – A new restaurant in the northern Chinese city of Harbin employs 20 robots as waiters and cooks, media reports said Sunday.

The robots look different, have 10 types of facial expressions and can welcome diners with various phrases.

The robots, which cost $3,217 each, have the intelligence of a child of 3 or 4.

The robots can cook noodles, fry vegetables, serve food, provide menus and serve beverages.

The machines are programmed to add a specific amount of salt and oil to dishes, as well as to keep frying temperatures at certain levels, restaurant owner Liu Hasheng said.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/8220797/Chinese-restaurant-hires-robot-waiters.html

मदरबोर्ड अधिकतर इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संयंत्रों जैसे लैपटॉप, कंप्यूटर आदि में लगा प्रिंटेड परिपथ बोर्ड बोर्ड होता है। इसे मेन बोर्ड या सिस्टम बोर्ड भी कहते हैं। कंप्यूटर के अलावा मदरबोर्ड का प्रयोग रोबोट और अन्य बहुत से इलेक्ट्रॉनिक युक्तियों में किया जाता है। यह संयंत्र के विभिन्न अवयवों को पकड़कर उनके स्थान पर रखता है, इसके साथ ही ये उन सभी का आपस में वांछित विद्युत संपर्क भी उपलब्ध कराता है। एक कंप्यूटर की रचना माइक्रोप्रोसेसर, मेन मेमोरी और मदरबोर्ड में लगे कंपोनेंट के द्वारा ही होती है। इसके साथ ही उसमें स्टोरेज, वीडियो डिस्प्ले और ध्वनि को नियंत्रित करने के लिए कंट्रोलर्स और कुछ और युक्तियां कनेक्टर द्वारा मदरबोर्ड से जुड़ी होती है।
मदरबोर्ड का मुख्य भाग इसका चिपसेट होता है। चिप की सहायता से ही मदरबोर्ड की क्षमता और विशेषताओं के बारे में कल्पना की जाती है। मदरबोर्ड में मुख्यत: केन्द्रीय प्रोसेसिंग इकाई (सीपीयू), बायोस, स्मृति (मेमोरी स्टोरेज), सीरियल पोर्ट और की-बोर्ड और डिस्क ड्राइव के लिए कंट्रोलर होते हैं। उन मदरबोर्ड्स को वरीयता मिलती है, जिनमें कम से कम एक सॉकेट या स्लॉट हो जिसमें एक या अधिक माइक्रोप्रोसेसर स्थापित किए जा सकें। साथ ही उसमें क्लॉक जनरेटर, एक चिपसेट, विस्तार (एक्सपेंशन) कार्ड के लिए स्लॉट, विद्युत आपूर्ति (पावर) कनेक्टर्स होते हैं। पहले कंप्यूटर में प्रत्येक भाग के लिए एक स्लॉट हुआ करता था और तारों द्वारा पार्ट एक दूसरे से जुड़े रहते थे। बाद में प्रिंटेड सर्किट बोर्ड के आने के बाद मेमोरी, सीपीयू और दूसरी पेरीफेरल डिवाइसेज इसमें लगाये जाने लगे। १९८० के दशक में मदरबोर्ड में एकीकृत परिपथ (इंट्रीग्रेटेड सर्किट) का प्रयोग किया जाता था, जो कम गति वाले पेरीफेरल, जैसे की-बोर्ड, माउस, फ्लॉपी डिस्क आदि को सपोर्ट करता था।
१९९० में मदरबोर्ड फुल रेंज के ऑडियो, वीडियो और नेटवर्क प्रकार्यों को सपोर्ट करने लगे और उसमें कोई भाग लगाने के लिए कार्ड भी नहीं लगाना पड़ता था। थ्री-डी गेमिंग और कंप्यूटर ग्राफिक्स के लिए अलग से कार्ड प्रयोग होता था। पहले इस क्षेत्र में माइक्रोनिक्स, एएमआई, डीटीके, माइलेक्स ऑर्किड टेक्नोलॉजी जैसी कंपनियां थी, पर बाद में एप्पल इंका और आईबीएम जैसी कंपनियों ने इसका उत्पादन करना आरंभ किया।

Happy new year to all students.....

Computer Dictionary

AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) - The Accelerated Graphics Port is a 32-bit connection running at 66MHz used to connect video cards to the motherboard. Video cards are also known as graphic cards. AGP cards are capable of higher and faster data transfer rates than PCI graphic cards. They connect the monitor to your computer. The AGP card and your monitor are what determine the quality of your screen's display.

Analog - Continuous and without breaks. A steady uninterrupted flow. Analog is like water flowing in a stream. The opposite of analog is digital. Digital is non-continuous. Digital is like the rain that falls individually as separate drops.

ANSI (American National Standards Institute) - A voluntary organization responsible for establishing computer industry standards.

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) - A code that uses the numbers 1 through 127 to represent characters. This code enables the computer to transfer alphabetic, numeric, and symbolic characters to another computer. For example: With the ASCII code, the capitol letter "A" is represented by the number 65. The small letter "a" is represented by the number 97.

AT (Advanced Technology) - AT refers to an older design of computers. The power supply, case, keyboard, and motherboard were designed specifically to be used with these types of computers.

ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment) - A specification used for the connection of computer devices like hard drives and CD ROM's. The ATA specification supports data transfer rates of approximately 3.3MBs per second, and is limited to 538MBs per drive. Also known as IDE.

ATX (Advanced Technology eXtended) - ATX refers to a design of computers. The power supply, case, and motherboard are designed specifically to be used with these types of computers.

AVI (Audio Video Interleave) - The format for Microsoft's Video for Windows files. These files end with the ".avi" extension.

BASIC (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) - An easier to learn programming language. It is ideal for the beginning programmer.

Baud - The number of bits transmitted per second. This unit of measure is pretty accurate for lower data transfer rates. As the rates get faster, (over 1,200 bits per second), the accuracy drops. At higher baud rates, the transfer speed may be two bits per second, or even more. For this reason, transfer rates at higher speeds are normally given in bits per second (bps).

BBS (Bulletin Board System)
Similar to a newsgroup. Users post and respond to messages posted on a bulletin board. Generally there is a topic for discussion.

Binary - A system of numbers using only the two digits 1 and 0. A computer only understands binary information, known as machine language. Even though programs are written in C++, Assembly, Java, Basic, and etc., these programs eventually have to be translated into binary, (or machine language), so the computer can understand them. The binary numbering system, which is represented by 0, (for an "off" bit), and 1, (for an "on" bit), is not so hard to understand. Our normal numbering system is known as the decimal system. Binary 0000 = Decimal 0, Binary 0001 = Decimal 1, Binary 0010 = Decimal 2, Binary 0011 = Decimal 3, Binary 0100 = Decimal 4, Binary 0101 = Decimal 5, Binary 0110 = Decimal 6, Binary 0111 = Decimal 7, and so-on. The first place represents 8, the next 4, the next 2, and the last place represents 1. The numbers are multiplied by 2 for each position from right to left starting with the 2nd position from the right. If the first digit had been "on" and the rest were off like this: Binary 1000, the Decimal equivalent would have been 8, since the binary "8 position" would have been on. If all the positions for 8,4,2,and 1 were on like Binary 1111, the decimal equivalent would be 15, because 8+4+2+1 = 15. Binary 1010 = Decimal 10, because 8+0+2+0 = 10. What would 16 be? If you said Binary 10000 you were exactly right! Notice: (64x2=128), (32x2=64), (16x2=32), (8x2=16), (4x2=8), (2x2=4), (1x2=2), and finally the (1) position. This is all of the values for a binary number with 8 digits like binary 11110000, which equals Decimal 240, since 128+64+32+16+0+0+0+0 = 240. The maximum value for an 8 digit binary number is 255 (128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1). An 8 bit, (or digit), binary number is known as a byte. 00110011 is a byte just as 11000011 is a byte. They both just represent different binary numbers.

Tips for Speeding Up Your PC

Few things are as frustrating as dealing with a slow, sluggish computer. When a computer is brand new, it works wonderfully well. Over time, though, its performance can slowly begin to worsen. This happens for a number of reasons, but the biggest culprits are things like spyware, adware and other computer threats that are unwittingly downloaded along with other content while online. You don’t have to download thousands of MP3s, movies or other items to experience these problems, either – nobody is immune to them. Instead of accepting the situation, there are plenty of techniques and strategies that you can use to make it better – a few of the best ones are outlined below.

1: Clean Your Computer’s Windows Registry
The biggest cause of slow, sluggish PC performance is errors and problems within its Windows registry. Adware, spyware and other threats usually target the registry, damaging or misplacing important files within it. When it comes to PC cleaning, a daily Windows registry cleaning should be at the top of your list of priorities. However, this should never be done manually – there are too many opportunities for major errors that could seriously damage your PC’s operating system. Instead, invest in a high-quality Windows registry cleanup program and configure it to run once per day – you won’t believe the difference that it makes.

2: Remove Unneeded Files
Every time you log on to the Internet or otherwise use your computer, temporary files are generated. They are usually only needed once; however, they don’t disappear on their own. Instead, they accumulate over time until they are cluttering up your computer’s file system and affecting its performance. While it’s possible to remove these files one-by-one, it’s much easier and quicker to use a PC cleaning tool that’s designed for the purpose. Try to do so about one time per week to keep your computer humming along with ease.

3: Remove Unneeded Programs
Like many people, you probably download and try out many different programs each month. How many of them do you actually end up using on a regular basis? Chances are, not very many of them. By getting into the habit of uninstalling unused and unneeded programs, you can keep your computer’s file system a lot less cluttered. In turn, your PC’s performance will improve dramatically. You can optimize your computer in this way by using its Add/Remove Programs feature. Its location varies by operating system, but you should be able to find it somewhere in the Control Panel.

4: Empty the Recycle Bin
When you click “delete” on a file or a program, it doesn’t go away for good – not immediately, anyway. Instead, it sits in a kind of purgatory in your computer’s Recycle Bin. As things pile up in the Recycle Bin, your computer can start exhibiting some very annoying problems. If sluggish startups and frequent crashes are occurring with increasing frequency – and your computer’s recycle bin is very full – go ahead and empty it. From then on, get into the habit of doing so about one time per week. This small but important strategy can make a huge difference.

5: Perform a Disk Defragmentation
Windows isn’t very efficient when it comes to storing files. It actually splits them up, depositing them into whatever spaces are available. The more spaced apart the pieces of a file are, the harder your computer has to work to make them run. The Windows disk defragmentation system tune-up utility works to piece all of those files back together again. The process is a long one, though, and only needs to be done about four times per year. Set it up to run automatically once every three months. By doing so, you’ll be able to keep your computer running in tiptop shape.
When it comes to keeping your computer running optimally, small but regular maintenance is the best way to go. Protecting your PC only does so much; even the most careful Internet users in the world unintentionally download malicious software from time to time. By using basic system tune-up tools, cleaning your computer’s Windows registry regularly, performing regular file-cleaning maintenance and otherwise optimizing your PC, you should be able to keep it in like-new condition for a lot longer. Even if your computer has been performing slowly for some time, beginning this regimen is sure to produce results. In the end, you’ll be able to enjoy a computer that flies along – instead of one that spins its wheels.

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