Civil engineering Ashaan bhasha me

😐😐😐😐
©Trolls official

🔥 FACT 🔥

👉 Earnest money:

While submitting a tender the contractor is to deposit a certain amount, approximately about 2% of the estimated cost with the department as the guarantee of the tender is called as Earnest Money.

This amount is for a check so that the contractor may not refuse to accept the work or run away when his tender is accepted.

👉 Security Money:

If the contractor accepted the tender, then he has to deposit 10% of the tendered amount as security money with the department which is inclusive of the earnest money already deposited.

📝Subject:-
Strength of Material

⭐️Imp. One liners:-
❇️Endurance Limit:
The stress level below which a material has high probability of not failing under reversal of Stress is known as Endurance limit...

OR

The stress level at which a material fractures under large no. Of reversals of Stress is called as Endurance Limit...

❇️Ductility:-
Amount by which material can be Drawn out in tension before fracture.

❇️Malleability:-
Ability of Material to be deformed or spread into different directions.
This is usually caused by Compressive forces during Rolling,Pressing & Hammering.

❇️Creep:-
Material undergoes additional deformation with passage of time under sustained loading within Elastic limit.

❇️Fatigue:-
Deterioration of a material under repeated cycles of Stress or Strain resulting in progressive cracking that eventually produces fracture.

❇️Tenacity:-
Property to resist fracture under action of Tensile load.

❇️Toughness:-
Ability to absorb Mechanical energy upto failure.

❇️Hardness:-
Ability to resist scratch or abrasion.

❇️ Resilience:-
Property to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically and then upon unloading to have this energy recovered.

❇️Hooke's Law:-
Stress is proportional to Strain
(with in proportional limit).

⭐️Note:-
🔶Stress,Strain & Moment of Inertia is Neither Scalar,
nor vector but it's a Tensor Quantity..

🔷Stress is dependent..

🔶Strain is independent..

❇️Shear Force at a section is the resultant of all transverse forces to the right or left of section.

❇️Bending Moment is the resultant moment at the Section due to all transverse forces to the left or right of section.

💥Shear Force is different on either side of concentrated load...

💥Bending Moment remains the same on either side of concentrated load..

❇️The slope of the bending moment diagram is equal to the Shear Force.

❇️The slope of the Shear Force diagram is equal to the Load Intensity

❇️The second derivative of the Deflection is equal to the Curvature.

❇️Point o

R.L. (Reduced Level) : The R.L. of any point represents its elevation (above or below0 with respect to mean sea level as datum.

Axis of telescope : line joining the optical center of the objective to the center of the eyepiece.

Axis of level tube : an imaginary line tangential to the longitudinal curve of the tube at its mid-point.

Back sight : Staff reading taken on a point of known elevation.

Bench Mark : A fixed point of known elevation above the datum .

Datum : The level surface (real or imaginary) used for reference is called a datum.

Elevation : of a point/ station, on or near the surface of the earth, is its vertical distance above or below a datum .

Height of instrument : Elevation of the line of sight of the telescope.

Horizontal plane : a plane always perpendicular to one considered plumb line. It is tangent to a level surface.

Horizontal line : is a line always perpendicular to one considered plumb line. It is tangent to a level line. It lies in Horizontal plane.

Horizontal distance : In plane surveying, distance measured along a level line termed as horizontal distance.

Intermediate sight : Staff reading on a point, other than back sight and fore sight, of whose elevation is to be determined.

Level surface : A level surface is an equipotential surface of the earth's gravity field. It is a curved surface and every element of which is perpendicular to plumb line. A body of still water provides the best example of a level surface.

Level line : is a curved line normal to plumb lines at all points. Thus, it lies in a level surface.

Line of collimation : Line joining the intersection of the cross-hairs to the optical center of the objective and its continuation. It is also know as Line of sight.

Line of sight : is defined as the intersection of the cross hairs and the optical centre of the objective lens.

Mean Sea level : Mean sea level (MSL) at a location is obtained by averaging the height of the surface of the sea for all stages of the tides

Join👉👉

🔴 Map lines 👇👇

📌 Agonic line:- The line joining the places of zero declination

📌 Aclinic line:- The line joining the places of zero dip

📌 Isogonic line:- The line joining the places of same declination.

📌 Isohypes:- The line joining the points of equal elevation or height.

📌 Isobath:- The line joining the points of equal depth of sea water.

📌 Isobar:- The line joining the points of equal atmospheric pressure.

📌 Isohaline:- The line joining the ocean regions of equal salinity.

📌 Isohel:- The line joining the points of equal period of insolation.

📌 Isohytes:- The line joining the points of equal precipitation.

📌 Isonif:- The line joining the points of equal snow

📌 Isocline:- The line of equal magnetic dip.

📌 Isophyte:- The line joining the points of equal height vegetations.

📌 Isochrone:- The line joining the points of equal time of flow

📌 Isotach:- The line in the weather maps, showing the points of equal wind velocity.

📌 Isorymes:- Lines of equal frost.
Join👉👉

👉The IS codal specification for torsion taken from
skew bending theory

👉The Beam is subjected to torsion minimum four longitudinal bar shall be provided at each corner

👉The torsional shear stress is maximum at midpoint of longitudinal side in a cross section

👉The best section for to resist torsional shear is a box section

👉 Vertical stirrups are more effective in resisting torsional shear

👉The most critical beam in a structure are
peripheral beams because they are subjected to
shear flexure and torsion

🔥Pointing🔥

Pointing is the finishing of mortar joints in brick or stone masonry construction. Pointing is the implementing of joints to a depth of 10 mm to 20 mm and filling it with better quality mortar in desired shape. It is done for cement mortar and lime mortar joints

🔥Methods of Pointing🔥

After preparing the surface as mentioned above, mortar is carefully placed in joints using a small trowel. The placed mortar should be of desired shape. Whenever the fresh mortar is placed in the joints it should be pressed hardly to gain strong bond with old interior mortar.Care should be taken while using ashlar or 1st class brick work otherwise the mortar does not cover the face edges. The pointed surface is kept wet for at least a week or till it sets after application.

🔴Types of Pointing🔴

1. Flush Pointing

In this type, mortar is pressed hard in the raked joints and by finishing off flush with the edge of masonry units. The edges are neatly trimmed with trowel and straight edge. It does not give good appearance. But, flush pointing is more durable because of resisting the provision of space for dust, water etc., due to this reason, this method is extensively used.

2. Recessed Pointing

In this case, mortar is pressing back by 5mm or more from the edges. During placing of mortar the face of the pointing is kept vertical, by a suitable tool. This type gives very good appearance.

3. Beaded Pointing

It is formed by a steel or ironed with a concave edge. It gives good appearance, but it will damage easily when compared to other types.

4. Struck Pointing

This is a modification of flush pointing in which the face the pointing is kept inclined, with its upper edge pressed inside the face by 10mm which drains water easily.

5. Rubbed, Keyed or Grooved Pointing

This is also a modification of flush pointing in which groove is formed at its mid height, by a pointing tool. It gives good appearance.

6. Tuck Pointing

In this case mortar is pressed in t