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20/10/2025
19/10/2025

UGC-NET December 2025

Application Deadline: 7th November 2025

13/10/2025

The 2025 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences is awarded o Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt “for having explained innovation-driven economic growth”.

Joel Mokyr (American–Israeli Economist):

* Highlighted that before the Industrial Revolution, technological innovation was based mainly on prescriptive knowledge — knowing that something worked, but not why.
* Propositional knowledge (e.g., in mathematics and natural philosophy) developed separately, making it hard to build upon existing knowledge.
* The Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries introduced precise measurements, controlled experiments, and reproducibility of results.
* This improved the feedback loop between propositional and prescriptive knowledge, enabling the accumulation of useful knowledge for production.
* Emphasized that practical, technical, and commercial knowledge are essential to turn ideas into reality.
* Argued that Britain’s sustained growth was due to its many skilled artisans and engineers, who could understand designs and transform ideas into commercial products.

Philippe Aghion (French Economist) and Peter Howitt (Canadian Economist):

* Introduced the concept of creative destruction, where new and better products replace older ones, pushing innovation forward.
* When older products lose market share, it incentivizes companies to improve their products or production methods.
* Monopoly profits, even if temporary, encourage companies to invest in research and development (R&D).
* The longer firms expect to stay at the top, the greater their investment in R&D.
* More R&D shortens the average time to innovation, increasing competition and pushing current leaders off the ladder.
* Their mathematical model explains how a balance is achieved between these forces, determining R&D investment, speed of innovation, and economic growth.
* Emphasized that managing these dynamics constructively is crucial for sustained economic growth.

10/10/2025

The 2025 Nobel Prize in Literature is awarded to the Hungarian author László Krasznahorkai “for his compelling and visionary oeuvre that, in the midst of apocalyptic terror, reaffirms the power of art”.

09/10/2025

The 2025 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Susumu Kitagawa, Richard Robson and Omar M. Yaghi “for the development of metal–organic frameworks”.

07/10/2025

The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics to John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret and John M. Martinis “for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit”.

07/10/2025

7th October : World Cotton Day

Points to remember:

1.Cotton is one of the most common fabrics in our wardrobes.

2.Worldwide, it sustains 24 million growers (almost half of them women) and benefits over 100 million families across 80 countries in 5 continents.

3. United Nations wants to raise visibility of the cotton sector and awareness of the critical role that it plays in economic development, international trade and poverty alleviation.

4.The initiative of World Cotton Day was started in 2019.

06/10/2025

The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell and Shimon Sakaguchi “for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance”.

06/10/2025

World Habitat Day: 6th October

Points to remember:

1. 2025 Theme: Urban crisis response.

2. Objective: To address multiple crises affecting urban areas.

3. The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 by 51 countries.

4. Currently, 193 members countries are present in UN.

5. The aim of UN are a) to maintain international peace and security, b)foster friendly relations among nations, and c)promote social progress and human rights.

6. UN Secretary-General: António Guterres.

03/10/2025

*🙏জয় মা দুর্গা 🙏*

*বিজয়া দশমী পুজোর বিশেষত্ব:*

বিজয়াদশমী হল দুর্গাপূজার দশম এবং শেষ দিন। আজ কল্পনা করা হয় যে মা কৈলাসে ফিরে যাচ্ছেন। তাই নীলকণ্ঠ পাখি উড়িয়ে কৈলাসে তার খবর পাঠানো হয়। আজকের দিনে বিশেষ প্রচলিত রীতি নীতি ও নিয়ম গুলি হলো-অপরাজিতা মায়ের চরণে নিবেদন করে ভক্তরা তা নিজেদের হাতে বাঁধে, এটি অপরাজেও শক্তির প্রতীক বহন করে। আজকে বিদায়ের আগে মায়ের মুখ জলে দেখা হয় এবং বিবাহিত নারীরা মাকে বরণ করা ও সিঁধুর খেলার মাধ্যমে
বিদায় জানায় এবং মনে করা হয় যে মা প্রকৃতির কোলে ফিরে যাচ্ছেন।

🙏🙏*জয় মা দুর্গা* 🙏🙏

*তারিখ ও সময়:*
নবমী পুজা : ১৫ ই অশ্বিন, ১৪৩২ (০২/১০/২০২৫) দশমী পূজা ২.৫৬ মি: পর্যন্ত।

*উৎস*:
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*সকলকে জানাই বিজয়া দশমীর আন্তরিক প্রীতি, শুভেচ্ছা ও অভিনন্দন ।* 💐💐

02/10/2025

Happy Gandhi Jayanti 🇮🇳

Some facts about Gandhiji:

1. Gandhiji was born on 2nd October, 1869 at Porbandar, Gujarat.
2. He is the father of nation.
3. The honorific title Mahatma, or "Great Soul," was given to him in 1914.
4. He studied law in London and was lawyer by profession.
5. United Nations has marked this day as “International Day of Non-Violence”.
6. He was a significant member and the President of Indian National Congress.
7. He launched Non Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920 due to the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
8. He opposed Communal Award and later signed Poona Pact.
9. He launched Dandi March or Salt March in 1930.
10. He sailed for England in 1931 for the second Round Table Conference to discuss constitutional reforms.
11. He had four children.
12. He was assassinated on January 30, 1948.

01/10/2025

*🙏জয় মা দুর্গা 🙏*

*মহানবমী পুজোর বিশেষত্ব:*

হিন্দু পুরাণ অনুসারে, নবমীতে দেবী দুর্গা মহিষাসুরকে বধ করেছিলেন। এই কারণে, দেবী দুর্গাকে মহিষাসুরমর্দিনী - 'মহিষাসুরের বিজয়ী' নামেও বলা হয়। এই দিন নতুন সূচনার জন্য একটি শুভ দিন। বলা আছে, ‘ততেঽনু নবমী যা স্যাৎ সা মহানবমীস্মৃতা। সা তিথিঃ সর্ব্বলোকানাং পূজনীয়া শিবপ্রিয়া।।এতে স্পষ্ট হয়, মহাষ্টমী পরবর্তী নবমী হল সর্বলোক-পূজনীয়া শিবপ্রিয়ার ‘মহানবমী’ পূজার তিথি এবং ‘মহা’ নবমী বলা সম্পূর্ণ শাস্ত্রসিদ্ধ। মহানবমীতে হোমের মাধ্যমে দেবীর সংকল্পিত মহাপুজার ইতি ঘটে।

🙏🙏*জয় মা দুর্গা* 🙏🙏

*তারিখ ও সময়:*
নবমী পুজা : ১৪ ই অশ্বিন, ১৪৩২ (০১/১০/২০২৫) নবমী পূজা ২.৩৬ মি: পর্যন্ত।

*উৎস*:
PEXO The Learning Platform

Facebook ☑️
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*শুভ মহানবমীর আন্তরিক প্রীতি, শুভেচ্ছা ও অভিনন্দন ।* 💐💐

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