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Working in Confined Spaces
What is a 'confined space'?
A confined space is a place that is substantially (although not always entirely) enclosed where there is a risk of death or serious injury from hazardous substances or dangerous conditions (e.g. lack of oxygen).

Very often, injuries and deaths occur as a result of work being carried out such as welding, painting, flame cutting, use of chemicals.
Places can also become confined spaces during construction work, fabrication or modification.
Examples include:
• chambers
• tanks
• silos
• vats
• pits
• trenches
• sewers
• drains
• flues
• duct work
• unventilated or poorly ventilated rooms.

What are the risks of working in confined spaces?
Every year, a number of people are killed and others seriously injured working in confined spaces across a wide range of industries in the UK, from those involving complex plant to simple storage vessels.

Those killed include not only people working in confined spaces but those who try to rescue them without proper training and equipment.
Dangers can arise in confined spaces because of:
• lack of oxygen
• poisonous gas, fume or vapour
• liquids and solids suddenly filling the confined space, or releasing gases into it when disturbed
• fire and explosions
• residues left behind which can give off gas, fume or vapour
• dust
• hot working conditions.
Legal duties and obligations relating to confined spaces
As well as the moral duty of employers to protect employees and members of the public, General Health and Safety Legislation covers all employers and workplaces.
The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations, 1999 require that a suitable and sufficient assessment of the risks for all work activities is carried out for the purpose of deciding what measures are necessary for safety.
For work in confined spaces this means identifying the hazards present, assessing the risks and determining what precautions to take.
In most cases the assessment will include consideration of:
• the task
• the working environment
• working materials and tools
• the suitability of those carrying out the task
• arrangements for emergency rescue.
You may need to appoint competent people to help manage the risks and ensure that employees are adequately trained and instructed.
You may be the best person to do this, or you may need to train someone else to manage risks or engage the services of a competent person for additional help.

Reducing risks from working in confined spaces
The Confined Spaces Regulations 1997 contain the following key duties:
1. Avoid entry to confined spaces
Ask yourself if the work is really necessary, or if it can be done in some other way that avoids the need to enter the confined space?
2. If entry to a confined space is unavoidable, follow a safe system of work
The results of your risk assessment should help to identify the necessary precautions to reduce the risk of injury, depending on the type of confined space, the associated risk and the work involved.
The safe system of work should be implemented and everyone involved should be trained and instructed.
3. Put in place adequate emergency arrangements before the work starts
The preparation of suitable and sufficient measures to be taken to ensure the safe rescue of a person in an emergency are required before a person enters a confined space.
These arrangements should also consider the safety of rescuers, first aid procedures and liaison with emergency services.

NEBOSH IGC July 2016
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14th April 2015 - Fire Services Day

Hi All,

“ Fire Prevention is the Best Insurance ”
“ आग से बचाव ही सबसे अच्छी सुरक्षा है ”

Every Year 14th April is observed as Fire Service Day in India as a part to pay homage to those brave Fire Fighters, who sacrificed their live in line to their duty on 14th April, 1944. Industries observe this day / week as Fire Service day / Week and conducts Training, Drills and Rehearsals to demonstrate the Preparedness to combat emergencies.

We forward this case study for all to study how and what went wrong which lead to multiply the severity of the accident the toll of which was paid by lives of thousands of people.

The Ship in which accident took place named S S Fort Stikine having capacity of 7000 Tons belonged to Ministry of War and Transport. The ship left Birkenhead – UK on 24th February, 1944. Convey of 20 other ships with cargo for Karachi and Bombay was loaded. The Karachi Cargo Contained RAF Planes, General Stores, Explosives and Ammunitions. Bombay Cargo was 1395 Tons of Explosives and Ammunitions and Service Stores. The ship reached Karachi on 30th March, 1944 where a part of Cargo was discharged, leaving void 2, 86,000 cu. Feet in her hold. The new Cargo loaded was cotton, timber, lubricating oil, resin, sulphur and other combustible material. The ship then left Karachi on 9th April, 1944 and reached Bombay on 9th April, 1944. No explosives or ammunition were off loaded until the ship has been alongside for 24 hours.

Now BY LAWS OF B.P.T [Bombay Port Trust]
· A Ship carrying explosives is not allowed into docks, but under Rule 88 of the Defence of India Rules, This By-Law is suspended in case where Military Officer has given a Certificate of “GRAVE EMERGENCY”. Such a certificate was issued for S S Stiklite

The ship was anchored at Victoria Dock Bombay and the Memorable Day, throughout the morning; she was active as cargo hooks swayed a load of commodities from the S S Fort Stikine. Firemen were at Fire Stations as usual shining their brass to keep their fire engines shining.

On 14th April, 1944, at 14: 00 hrs.
Whips of smoke noticed from No.: II hold of the ship. Frantic series of short blast of whistles were heard warning of fire board. The ship crew started pouring musky water in the ship hold. Fire Engines from Alexander Dock and Air Force Squad arrived immediately and started hose streams in smoking hold to control fire spread. The fireman though aware of the dangerous situation, there was no panic. The prompt arrival of the Fire Engines seemed no reason to think that the fire could not be controlled. Soon it became apparent that the firemen were loosing ground. A call was put through to Mumbai Fire Brigade control for Additional appliances.
At 14: 30 hrs. A large part of Fire Service was on pliers. Total 32 Water Jets came into action pouring gallons of water into ship hold to quench the fire. The Fire was still gained. There was something preventing the water from reaching the seat of fire. The deck head under the firemen’s feet grew hotter and hotter. The water stream played over the deck head turned into steam. It was now clear that the fire was out of control. Slides and Deck became CHERRY RED, blenching thick black and brown smoke. Flames shot mast high but sound never reached firemen’s ear.

16: 05 Hrs. ~ Ground rumbled and EXPLOSION,
S S Fort Stikine Blew Up with its gallant firemen and fire engines disappeared from the face of earth. No. of ships destroyed nearby. At one stroke the key port of Bombay was taken out of war.

16: 36 Hrs. ~ SECOND EXPLOSIONS, Results????????
Explosion was heard miles away. Entire Dock upto few kms. Was in flames. 14 other ships standing aside destroyed. 336 people burned. All nearby/around people and animals died. Many Fire Fighters died or diabled. The Number of persons so died in the Explosion will never be known and figures are conflicting. NFPA Handbook listed 731 dead whereas other sources said 1500 Died/Missing and more than 3000 Injured.

Recorded Fatalities were like this

ORGANIZATION

INJURED
Bombay Auxiliary Fire Service
42-KILLED
85- INJURED
Bombay Fire Brigade
24-KILLED
Bombay Salvage Corps
12-KILLED
02- INJURED
Bombay Port Trust Employees
84-KILLED
City Police
14-KILLED
55-INJURED
Ship Crews
41-KILLED
123-INJURED
Army
15-KILLED
30-INJURED
Air Force
15-INJURED
Crew of Country Craft
10-INJURED
04- killed
Navy
160-INJURED
07- killed


Couple of months after the Disaster, 3083 people had requested claims for damage by Fire or Explosion to their property. 11735 had put up Claim for uninsured properties. 466 Uninsured people claimed as compensation for personal injuries.

The Compensation paid out 850 Lakhs as damage by fire/explosion. Marine Insurance was 150 Lakhs. Paid for uninsured a property was 300 lakhs and personal injuries was 13 lakhs with miscellaneous policies of 4.5 lakhs.

Government of India declared this day of 14th April every year to be observed as Fire Service Day in recognition of the valor and sacrifice of the courageous FIRE FIGHTERS who laid down their lives in Line of their Duty.

Industries conduct Fire Fighting Training Mock Drills, Fire Drills or Emergency Drills every year on this day to pay homage and create awareness and knowledge about handling emergencies in their fellow workers

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