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Major used port numbers...

Learn basic knowledge on IP addressing

Answer for it :
Your company has a single Active Directory domain.
All domain controllers run Windows Server 2003.
You install Windows Server 2008 on a server.
You need to add the new server as a domain controller in your domain. What should you do first?
A. On the new server, run dcpromo /adv.
B. On the new server, run dcpromo /createdcaccount.
C. On a domain controller run adprep /rodcprep.
D. On a domain controller, run adprep /forestprep.

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Cisco: Beginner Level CCNA v5.02 Exam Answer 2015 (100%) CCNA v5.02 Exam Answer 2015 (100%): Cisco: Beginner Level

IPv4 - Address Classes :
The Internet community originally defined five address classes to accommodate networks of varying sizes. Microsoft TCP/IP supports class A, B, and C addresses assigned to hosts. The class of address defines which bits are used for the network ID and which bits are used for the host ID. It also defines the possible number of networks and the number of hosts per network.
They are
1.Class A,
2. Class B,
3. Class C,
4. Class D, and
5. Class E.

1. Class A :
Class A addresses are assigned to networks with a very large number of hosts. The high-order bit in a class A address is always set to zero. The next seven bits (completing the first octet) complete the network ID. The remaining 24 bits (the last three octets) represent the host ID. This allows for 126 networks and 16,777,214 hosts per network. Figure 1.4 illustrates the structure of class A addresses.

2. Class B :
Class B addresses are assigned to medium-sized to large-sized networks. The two high-order bits in a class B address are always set to binary 1 0. The next 14 bits (completing the first two octets) complete the network ID. The remaining 16 bits (last two octets) represent the host ID. This allows for 16,384 networks and 65,534 hosts per network. Figure 1.5 illustrates the structure of class B addresses.

3. Class C:
Class C addresses are used for small networks. The three high-order bits in a class C address are always set to binary 1 1 0. The next 21 bits (completing the first three octets) complete the network ID. The remaining 8 bits (last octet) represent the host ID. This allows for 2,097,152 networks and 254 hosts per network. Figure 1.6 illustrates the structure of class C addresses.

4. Class D:
Class D addresses are reserved for IP multicast addresses. The four high-order bits in a class D address are always set to binary 1 1 1 0. The remaining bits are for the address that interested hosts recognize. Microsoft supports class D addresses for applications to multicast data to multicast-capable hosts on an inter-network.

5. Class E :
Class E is an experimental address that is reserved for future use. The high-order bits in a class E address are set to 1111.

Network Topologies :
Topologies :
1.Bus Topology –
The advantage of bus topology is its simplicity, easy to configure. Once the computers are physically connected to the wire, all you have to do is install the network software on each computer. All the computers will then be able to see each other without any difficulty. Few drawbacks are that it is very expensive to implement, has a very low speed and if one of the links between any of the computers breaks down the entire network goes down also disconnecting one computer from the network will shut down the entire network.

2.Ring Topology –
Network cabling scheme in which one cable sequentially connects all nodes and forms a closed loop. A data packet starting from the originating node is examined by the next active node if it is addressed to that node. If it does, it is copied, otherwise it is regenerated and passed on to the next node until it reaches back the originating node and is discarded. This data packet is passed to the nodes in the network with the help of a Token that moves in a clockwise direction in the ring network.
A Ring topology also uses a device called Multi-station Access Unit (MAU) to connect different workstations to form the network. (The fig will give you a better idea on how it works.) One main drawback is that if one workstation goes down the entire network goes down.

3.Star Topology –
A star topology uses a junction box called Hub to connect computers to one another. All the computers are connected to the Hub that manages the intercomputer communications. In a star topology you can connect computers on-the-fly without causing network failures. Star topologies do not cost a bit more, but they require a Hub, which is an additional hardware, but the increase in reliability in this design is worth the cost.

4.Mesh Topology –
A network setup where each of the computers and network devices are interconnected with one another, allowing for most transmissions to be distributed, even if one of the connections go down. This topology is not commonly used for most computer networks as it is difficult and expensive to have redundant connection to every computer. However, this topology is commonly used for wireless networks.

5.Hybrid Topology –
A network topology that uses two or more network topologies.

Network Topologies :

The design used for networking is called a Topology. There are two basic categories of network topologies;
- Physical topologies
- Logical topologies
The shape of the cabling layout used to link devices is called the physical topology of the network. This refers to the layout of cabling, the locations of nodes, and the interconnections between the nodes and the cabling.
A logical topology is the way that the signals act on the network media, or the way that the data passes through the network from one device to the next without regard to the physical interconnection of the devices.
The basic network topologies are;
1.Bus
2.Ring
3.Star
4.Mesh
5.Hybrid

Impotent Port numbers and Description......
Port.No Description

1 TCP Port Service Multiplexer (TCPMUX)
5 Remote Job Entry (RJE)
7 ECHO
18 Message Send Protocol (MSP)
20 FTP -- Data
21 FTP -- Control
22 SSH Remote Login Protocol
23 Telnet
25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
29 MSG ICP
37 Time
42 Host Name Server (Nameserv)
43 WhoIs
49 Login Host Protocol (Login)
53 Domain Name System (DNS)
69 Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
70 Gopher Services
79 Finger
80 HTTP
103 X.400 Standard
108 SNA Gateway Access Server
109 POP2
110 POP3
115 Simple File Transfer Protocol (SFTP)
118 SQL Services
119 Newsgroup (NNTP)
137 NetBIOS Name Service
139 NetBIOS Datagram Service
143 Interim Mail Access Protocol (IMAP)
150 NetBIOS Session Service
156 SQL Server
161 SNMP
179 Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
190 Gateway Access Control Protocol (GACP)
194 Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
197 Directory Location Service (DLS)
389 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
396 Novell Netware over IP
443 HTTPS
444 Simple Network Paging Protocol (SNPP)
445 Microsoft-DS
458 Apple QuickTime
546 DHCP Client
547 DHCP Server
563 SNEWS
569 MSN
1080 Socks

Get CISCO path in your feature..................

Processor :
Definition: A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions.
Processors are two types
1. Pin processor : on the processor have pins called pin processor or Male processor,
2. Un-pin processor : on top of the processor no pins called un-pin processor or Female processor .
see attached images

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