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Lander Bikram has been identified by Lunar Orbiter using Thermal Imaging Technology

Gauss's Law.

Gauss' law states that the electric flux through any closed surface is equal to the total charge inside divided by ε0 Charges are the source and sinks of the electric field

The cathode ray oscilloscope is an electronic test instrument, it is used to obtain waveforms when the different input signals are given. In the early days, it is called as an Oscillograph. The oscilloscope observes the changes in the electrical signals over time, thus the voltage and time describe a shape and it is continuously graphed beside a scale. By seeing the waveform, we can analyze some properties like amplitude, frequency, rise time, distortion, time interval and etc.

Block Diagram of CRO:
The CRO recruit the cathode ray tube and acts as a heat of the oscilloscope. In an oscilloscope, the CRT produces the electron beam which is accelerated to a high velocity and brings to the focal point on a fluorescent screen. Thus, the screen produces a visible spot where the electron beam strikes with it. By detecting the beam above the screen in reply to the electrical signal, the electrons can act as an electrical pencil of light which produces a light where it strikes.

One of Basics Of ECE...
MICROPROCESSOR VS MICROCONTROLLER...
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A Tunnel Diode is also known as Eskari diode and it is a highly doped semiconductor which is capable of very fast operation.
Leo Esaki invented Tunnel diode in August 1957. The Germanium material is basically used to make tunnel diodes. They can also be made from gallium arsenide and silicon materials.
Actually, they are used in frequency detectors and converters. The Tunnel diode exhibits negative resistance in their operating range. Therefore, it can be used as an amplifier, oscillators and in any switching circuits.

What is a Tunnel Diode?

Tunnel Diode is the P-N junction device that exhibits negative resistance. When the voltage is increased then the current flowing through it decreases. It works on the principle of Tunneling effect. Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) diode is another type of Tunnel diode, but its present application appears to be limited to research environments due to inherit sensitivities
, its applications considered to be very limited to research environments. There is one more diode called Metal-Insulator-Insulator-Metal (MIIM) diode which includes an additional insulator layer. The tunnel diode is a two terminal device with n-type semiconductor as cathode and p-type semiconductor as anode.

Tha Basic Idea Of Black hole....

The simplest definition of a black hole is an object that is so dense that not even light can escape its surface. But how does that happen?

The concept of a black hole can be understood by thinking about how fast something needs to move to escape the gravity of another object – this is called the escape velocity. Formally, escape velocity is the speed an object must attain to "break free" of the gravitational attraction of another body.

There are two things that affect the escape velocity – the mass of object and the distance to the center of that object. For example, a rocket must accelerate to 11.2 km/s in order to escape Earth's gravity. If, instead, that rocket was on a planet with the same mass as Earth but half the diameter, the escape velocity would be 15.8 km/s. Even though the mass is the same, the escape velocity is greater, because the object is smaller (and more dense).

What if we made the size of the object even smaller? If we squished the Earth's mass into a sphere with a radius of 9 mm, the escape velocity would be the speed of light. Just a wee-bit smaller, and the escape velocity is greater than the speed of light. But the speed of light is the cosmic speed limit, so it would be impossible to escape that tiny sphere, if you got close enough.

The radius at which a mass has an escape velocity equal to the speed of light is called the Schwarzschild radius. Any object that is smaller than its Schwarzschild radius is a black hole – in other words, anything with an escape velocity greater than the speed of light is a black hole. For something the mass of our sun would need to be squeezed into a volume with a radius of about 3 km.

Seeing the unseen
If light can't escape a black hole, how can we see black holes?

Astronomers don't exactly see black holes directly. Instead, astronomers observe the presence of a black hole by its effect on its surroundings. A black hole, by itself out in the middle of our galaxy would be very difficult to detect.

Imagine you arrive home one night to find the kitchen a mess. You know that it was clean when you left, but now there are dirty dishes in the sink and crumbs strewn about the counter. From the evidence, you know someone used the kitchen while you were out – in fact, you can even say that they made a sandwich and chips because of the types of crumbs you see on the counter. You might even be able to identify who in your household was in the kitchen based on what kind of chips they had or what they put on their sandwich. You never saw that person in the kitchen, but their effect on the kitchen was evident.

Studying black holes relies heavily on indirect detection. Astronomers cannot observe black holes directly, but see behaviors in other objects that can only be explained by the presence of a very large and dense object nearby. The effects can include materials getting pulled into the black hole, accretion disks forming around the black hole, or stars orbiting a massive but unseen object.

Yagi Uda Antenna....

Yagi-Uda antenna is the most commonly used type of antenna for TV reception over the last few decades. It is the most popular and easy-to-use type of antenna with better performance, which is famous for its high gain and directivity

Frequency range

The frequency range in which the Yagi-Uda antennas operate is around 30 MHz to 3GHz which belong to the VHF and UHF band
construction of Yagi Uda Antenna:

Yagi-Uda Antenna
A Yagi-Uda antenna was seen on top of almost every house during the past decades. The parasitic elements and the dipole together form this Yagi-Uda antenna.
The figure shows a Yagi-Uda antenna. It is seen that there are many directors placed to increase the directivity of the antenna. The feeder is the folded dipole. The reflector is the lengthy element, which is at the end of the structure.
The figure depicts a clear form of the Yagi-Uda antenna. The center rod like structure on which the elements are mounted is called as boom. The element to which a thick black head is connected is the driven element to which the transmission line is connected internally, through that black stud. The single element present at the back of the driven element is the reflector, which reflects all the energy towards the direction of the radiation pattern. The other elements, before the driven element, are the directors, which direct the beam towards the desired angle.

Zener Diode
It is mainly a special property of the diode rather than any special type of equipment. The person named Clearance Zener invented this property of the diode that’s why it is named after him as a remembrance. The special property of the diode is that there will be a breakdown in the circuit if the voltage applied across a reversely biased circuit. This does not allow the current to flow across it. When the voltage across the diode is increased, temperature also increases and the crystal ions vibrate with greater amplitude and all these leads to the breakdown of the depletion layer. The layer at the junction of ‘P’ type and ‘N’ type. When the applied voltage exceeds an specific amount Zener breakdown takes place.

Antenna Temperature (antenna temperature) is a parameter that describes how much noise an antenna produces in a given environment. This temperature is not the physical temperature of the antenna. Moreover, an antenna does not have an intrinsic "antenna temperature" associated with it; rather the temperature depends on its gain pattern and the thermal environment that it is placed in. Antenna temperature is also sometimes referred to as Antenna Noise Temperature.