PHYSIOCARE

Periosteum is a very thin membrane that covers many of the bones in your body. It serves as protection as well as a channel for the blood supply and nutrients for bone tissue. In this lesson, you will learn exactly what periosteum is and the function that it serves in our skeletal system.

Definition of Periosteum..==

Periosteum is a very thin sheath of connective tissue that encourages proper bone growth and development and delivers blood and nutrients to the bones, and it covers most of the bones in your body. As a reminder, connective tissue is tissue that helps support, connect, hold together, or separate other tissues. In fact, it's easier to note the few bones that this tissue does not cover! The periosteum doesn't cover the portion of bones that contains articular cartilage, which is the cartilage found in joints that keeps the bones from rubbing together. Periosteum is also not found on several of the small bones in your hands and feet.

This connective tissue is made up of two different layers:

The fibrous periosteum is the outer layer furthest away from the bone. The cells in this layer are densely packed, and it contains lymphatics, blood vessels, and nerve endings.
The osteogenic periosteum is the inner layer that lies right on top of the bone. It is not as tightly packed and contains cells that help in bone growth and repair.
To help you imagine what periosteum looks like, I want you to think about making a hard-boiled egg. Once the egg has been cooked and given time to cool, the next step would be to peel the shell away from the egg. Have you ever peeled the shell off of the hard-boiled egg and noticed the very thin, white layer that lies between the egg and the shell? That is exactly what the periosteum looks like and how much it blends in with the surrounding anatomy.

Causes of Rotator Cuff Pain and Treatment Options

Rotator cuff pain is most commonly caused by an inflamed tendon (tendinitis) or torn tendon. The quality of the pain may range from a dull, aching sensation to sharp pain that moves down the upper arm when reaching overhead or sleeping on the affected side. Interestingly, the intensity of the pain does necessarily correlate with the degree of the injury. Less commonly, rotator cuff pain may from result from a condition called rotator cuff tendinosis—when the tendons become frayed or worn down as a result of increasing age and overuse.
The rotator cuff consists of four muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis) that surround your shoulder blade and attach to your upper arm (humerus) via their own tendon. These four tendons converge to form a "cuff" or covering over the head of the humerus, allowing you to lift and rotate your arm. Issues with any one of these can cause rotator cuff pain.
Causes
Rotator cuff issues may be anticipated possibilities for those who regularly engage in physical activity involving repetitive arm motion, like baseball pitchers, but may come as a surprise to many others for which such issues are also common.

Infraspinatus muscle-
In human anatomy, the infraspinatus muscle is a thick triangular muscle, which occupies the chief part of the infraspinatous fossa.[1] As one of the four muscles of the rotator cuff, the main function of the infraspinatus is to externally rotate the humerus and stabilize the shoulder joint.

Supraspinatus muscle
The supraspinatus (plural supraspinati) is a relatively small muscle of the upper back that runs from the supraspinatous fossa superior portion of the scapula (shoulder blade) to the greater tubercle of the humerus. It is one of the four rotator cuff muscles and also abducts the arm at the shoulder. The spine of the scapula separates the supraspinatus muscle from the infraspinatus muscle, which originates below the spine.

The pectoralis major is composed of two heads: sternocostal head and clavicular head.

ATTACHMENTS:

The pectoralis major attaches from the medial clavicle, sternum, and the costal cartilages of ribs #1-7 to the lateral lip of the bicipital groove of the humerus


ACTIONS:

Adducts the arm at the glenohumeral joint (entire muscle)
Medially rotates the arm at the glenohumeral joint (entire muscle)
Flexes the arm at the glenohumeral joint (clavicular head)
Extends the arm at the glenohumeral joint (sternocostal head – from a position that is flexed beyond anatomic position)
Horizontally flexes the arm at the glenohumeral joint (entire muscle)
Protracts the shoulder girdle (acting through the humeral attachment) at the scapulocostal joint and sternoclavicular joints (entire muscle)


TRIVIA NOTE:

The pectoralis major comprises the vast majority of the anterior axillary fold of tissue.

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