Circuit Developers, Ghaziabad (2026)

07/11/2018

Celebrate and enjoy the Festival of Lights

11/04/2018

24/03/2018

------FULL WAVE RECTIFIER------
A Full Wave Rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage into a pulsating dc voltage using both half cycles of the applied ac voltage. It uses two diodes of which one conducts during one half cycle while the other conducts during the other half cycle of the applied ac voltage.

During the positive half cycle of the input voltage, diode D1 becomes forward biased and D2 becomes reverse biased.Hence D1 conducts and D2 remains OFF. The load current flows through D1 and the voltage drop across RL will be equal to the input voltage.

During the negative half cycle of the input voltage, diode D1 becomes reverse biased and D2 becomes forward biased.Hence D1 remains OFF and D2 conducts. The load current flows through D2 and the voltage drop across RL will be equal to the input voltage.

22/03/2018

---------Rectification Basics-------Half Wave Rectifier--------

The simplest rectifier is a diode connected to AC power supply. This is also known as a half wave rectifier. A simple half wave rectifier is a single p-n junction diode connected in series to the load resistor. The operation of a half wave rectifier is easy to understand a p-n junction diode conducts current only when it is forward biased.

This principle is used in a half wave rectifier to convert AC to DC. The input provided here is an alternating current. This input voltage is stepped down using a transformer. A p-n junction diode conducts current only when it is forward biased. The same principle is made use of in a half wave rectifier to convert AC to DC. The input here is an alternating current. This input voltage is stepped down using a transformer. Since the diode is forward biased for half cycle of the AC, output is available only during that half cycle.

26/01/2018

Jhanda ooncha rahe hamara! Vande Mataram!

20/01/2018

Good Morning

18/01/2018

-------------RESISTOR-------------

-- The job of a Resistor is to limit the current flowing through an electrical circuit.
-- Resistance is measured in Ohm’s and is given the symbol Ω
Carbon, Film and Wirewound are all types of resistors.
Resistor colour codes are used to identify the resistance and tolerance rating of small resistors.
-- The BS1852 Standard uses letters and is used to identify large size resistors.
-- Tolerance is the percentage measure of the accuracy of a resistor from its preferred value with the E6 (20%), E12 (10%), E24 (5%) and E96 (1%) series of tolerance values available.

-----------Series Resistor Tutorial----------

-- Resistors that are daisy chained together in a single line are said to be connected in SERIES.
-- Series connected resistors have a common Current flowing through them.

-- Itotal = I1 = I2 = I3 …. etc (here I is current)

-- The total circuit resistance of series resistors is equal to:
Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3 + ….. Rn etc.
-- Total circuit voltage is equal to the sum of all the individual voltage drops.
Vtotal = V1 + V2 + V3 …. etc

-- The total resistance of a series connected circuit will always be greater than the highest value resistor.

-----------Parallel Resistor Tutorial------------

-- Resistors that have both of their respective terminals connected to each terminal of another resistor or resistors are said to be connected in PARALLEL.
-- Parallel resistors have a common Voltage across them.
VS = V1 = V2 = V3 …. etc

-- Total resistance of a parallel circuit is equal to:
parallel resistance equation
1/Rtotal=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3+...+1/RN
-- Total circuit current flow is equal to the sum of all the individual branch currents added together.
Itotal = I1 + I2 + I3 …. etc (here I is Current)

-- The total resistance of a parallel circuit will always be less than the value of the smallest resistor.

----------Resistor Power Rating----------

-- The larger the power rating, the greater the physical size of the resistor to dissipate the heat.
-- All resistors have a maximum power rating and if exceeded will result in the resistor overheating and becoming damaged.
Standard resistor power rating sizes are 1/8 W, 1/4 W, 1/2 W, 1 W, and 2 W.
-- Low ohmic value power resistors are generally used for current sensing or power supply applications.
The power rating of resistors can be calculated using the formula:
Power = VxI = (IxI)R = (VxV)/RxR
In AC Circuits the voltage and current flowing in a pure resistor are always “in-phase” producing 0 degree phase shift..
When used in AC Circuits the AC impedance of a resistor is equal to its DC Resistance.
The AC circuit impedance for resistors is given the symbol Z.

18/01/2018

18/01/2018

Types Of PCB(Printed Circuit Boards)
1.Single-layer PCBs
2.Double-layer PCBs
3.Multi-layer PCBs
4.Rigid PCBs
5.Flexible PCBs
6.Flex-rigid PCBs
7.High-frequency PCBs
8.Aluminum-Backed PCBs ✔

8.Aluminum-Backed PCBs
-- Aluminum-backed PCBs are designed in much the same way as their copper-backed counterparts.
-- However, instead of the usual fiberglass used in most PCB board types, aluminum-backed PCBs make use of aluminum or copper substrate board.
-- The aluminum backing is lined with thermally insulating material that is designed to have a low thermal resistance, meaning less heat is transferred from the insulating material to the backing. Once the insulation is applied, a circuit layer of copper, ranging in thickness from one ounce to ten, is applied.

Aluminum-backed PCBs have many advantages over PCBs with a fiberglass backing, including:

• Low cost. Aluminum is one of the most abundant metals on Earth, making up 8.23% of the planet's weight. Aluminum is easy and inexpensive to mine, which helps to cut expenses in manufacturing process. Thus, building products with aluminum is less expensive.

• Environmentally friendly. Aluminum is non-toxic and easily recyclable. Due to its ease of assembly, manufacturing printed circuit boards out of aluminum is also a good way to conserve energy.

• Heat dissipation. Aluminum is one of the best materials available for dissipating heat away from crucial components of circuit boards. Instead of dispersing the heat out into the rest of the board, it transfers heat out into the open air. Aluminum PCB cools faster than an equivalent-sized copper PCB.

• Material durability. Aluminum is far more durable than materials like fiberglass or ceramic, especially for drop tests. The use of sturdier base materials helps reduce damage during manufacture, shipping and installation.

All of these advantages make Aluminum PCBs an excellent choice for applications require high outputs of power within very tight tolerances, including Traffic lights, Automotive lighting, Power supplies, Motor controllers and High-current circuitry.

In addition to those major areas of use, aluminum-backed PCBs can also be used in applications that require a high degree of mechanical stability or where the PCB might be subject to high levels of mechanical stress. They are less subject to thermal expansion than a fiberglass-based board, meaning that the other materials on the board, such as the copper foil and insulation, will be less likely to peel away, further lengthening the lifetime of the product.

18/01/2018

Types Of PCB(Printed Circuit Boards)
1.Single-layer PCBs
2.Double-layer PCBs
3.Multi-layer PCBs
4.Rigid PCBs
5.Flexible PCBs
6.Flex-rigid PCBs
7.High-frequency PCBs ✔
8.Aluminum-Backed PCBs

7.High-frequency PCBs
-- High-frequency PCBs refer to a general PCB design element, rather than a type of PCB construction like the previous models. -- High-frequency PCBs are circuit boards that are designed to transmit signals over one gigahertz.

-- High-frequency PCB materials often include FR4-grade glass-reinforced epoxy laminate, polyphenylene oxide (PPO) resin and Teflon. Teflon is one of the most expensive options available because of its small and stable dielectric constant, small amounts of dielectric loss and overall low water absorption.

-- Many aspects need to be considered when choosing high-frequency PCB board and its corresponding type of PCB connector, including dielectric constant (DK), dissipation, loss and dielectric thickness.

-- The most important of those is the Dk of the material in question. Materials with high probability for the change of dielectric constant often have changes in impedance, which can disrupt the harmonics that make up a digital signal and cause an overall loss of digital signal integrity — one of the things that high-frequency PCBs are designed to prevent.

-- Other things to consider when choosing the boards and PC connector types to use when designing a high-frequency PCB are:

• Dielectric loss (DF), which affects the quality of signal transmission. A smaller amount of dielectric loss could make a small amount of signal wastage.

• Thermal expansion. If the thermal expansion rates of the materials used to build the PCB, such as copper foil, are not the same, then materials could separate from each other due to changes in temperature.

• Water absorption. High amounts of water intake will affect the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of PCB, especially if it is used in wet environments.

• Other resistances. The materials utilized in the construction of a high-frequency PCB should be rated highly for heat resistance, impact endurance and resistance to hazardous chemicals, as necessary.

18/01/2018

Types Of PCB(Printed Circuit Boards)
1.Single-layer PCBs
2.Double-layer PCBs
3.Multi-layer PCBs
4.Rigid PCBs
5.Flexible PCBs
6.Flex-rigid PCBs ✔
7.High-frequency PCBs
8.Aluminum-Backed PCBs

6.Flex-rigid PCBs
-- Flex-rigid PCBs combine the best of both worlds when it comes to the two most important overarching types of PCB boards.
-- Flex-rigid boards consist of multiple layers of flexible PCBs attached to a number of rigid PCB layers.
-- Flex-rigid PCBs have many advantages over just using rigid or flexible PCBs for certain applications.
-- For one, rigid-flex boards have a lower parts count than traditional rigid or flexible boards because the wiring options for both can be combined into a single board.
-- The combination of rigid and flexible boards into a single rigid-flex board also allows for a more streamlined design, reducing the overall board size and package weight.
-- Flex-rigid PCBs are most often found in applications where space or weight are prime concerns, including Cell phones, Digital cameras, Pacemakers and Automobiles.

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