Guru Mantra गुरूमंत्रा

In the later 1870s and early 1880s, a solid ground had been prepared for the establishment of an all-India organization. The final shape to this idea was given by a retired English civil servant, A.O. Hume, who mobilized leading intellectuals of the time and, with their cooperation, organized the first session of the Indian National Congress in Bombay in December 1885.

The first session was attended by 72 delegates from all the Indian provinces. There were 54 Hindus, 2 Muslims and the rest were Jain and Parsi members and the president was Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee.

The congress truly became a mass party with the arrival of Mahatma Gandhi, who returned from South Africa in 1915. He introduced methods like satyagraha and civil disobedience to the independence struggle. Gandhi remained a spiritual leader for the party and his presence drew a lot of support from both the elite and the masses.

After independence, the first Prime Minister of the country, Jawaharlal Nehru was from the party. In the first general elections in 1952, the Congress had a thumping victory and Nehru became the first directly elected PM of India.

Aims and Objectives:
1. Promotion of friendship amongst the countrymen
2. Development and consolidation of feeling of national unity irre- spective of race, caste, religion or provinces
3. Formulation of popular demands and presentation before the Gov-ernment through petitions.
4. Training and organization of public opinion.
5. Consolidation of sentiments of national unity
6. Recording of the opinions of educated classes on pressing problems
7. Laying down lines for future course of action in public interest

The Baltic Sea (in Latin Mare Balticum) is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean, enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden and the North and Central European Plain.

The sea stretches from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 10°E to 30°E longitude. A marginal sea of the Atlantic, with limited water exchange between the two water bodies, the Baltic Sea drains through the Danish Straits into the Kattegat by way of the Øresund, Great Belt and Little Belt. It includes the Gulf of Bothnia, the Bay of Bothnia, the Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Riga and the Bay of Gdańsk.

The Baltic Proper is bordered on its northern edge, at latitude 60°N, by the Åland Islands and the Gulf of Bothnia, on its northeastern edge by the Gulf of Finland, on its eastern edge by the Gulf of Riga, and in the west by the Swedish part of the southern Scandinavian Peninsula.

The Baltic Sea is connected by artificial waterways to the White Sea via the White Sea-Baltic Canal and to the German Bight of the North Sea via the Kiel Canal.

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Recently, NITI Aayog and Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) and RMI India have launched the Shoonya Campaign. RMI is an independent nonprofit organization founded in 1982.



About the Campaign:

It is an initiative to promote zero-pollution delivery vehicles by working with consumers and industry.
The campaign will promote the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in the urban deliveries segment and create consumer awareness about the health, environmental and economic benefits of electric vehicles.
As part of the campaign, a corporate branding and certification programme is being launched to recognise and promote the industry’s efforts towards transitioning to EVs for final-mile deliveries.


Government of India Initiatives to give a boost EV Sector in India:

The government aims to see 6 million electric and hybrid vehicles on the roads by 2020 under the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020.
Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles in India (FAME India Scheme) for improving electric mobility in India.
Implementation of smart cities would also boost the growth of electric vehicles.


Challenges ahead:

The Indian electric vehicle (EV) market currently has one of the lowest pe*******on rates in the world.
Capital costs are high and the payoff is uncertain.

The Indian EV industry has been hit hard due to rupee’s dramatic depreciation in recent months.
Local production of inputs for EVs is at just about 35% of total input production.

The production will be severely affected in terms of production costs.
The Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid) and Electric Vehicles (Fame) framework has been extended repeatedly.

An uncertain policy environment and the lack of supporting infrastructure are major roadblocks.
India does not have any known reserves of lithium and cobalt, which makes it dependent on imports of lithium-ion batteries from Japan and China.


Need of the hour:

For EVs to contribute effectively, we need commensurate efforts in developing an entire ecosystem.

Need to shift the focus from subsidizing vehicles to subsidizing batteries because batteries make up 50% of EV costs.

Context:

The 21st meeting of the SCO Council of Heads of State was held on 17 September 2021 in Dushanbe, Tajikistan in hybrid format.

The meeting was chaired by H.E. Emomali Rahmon, the President of Tajikistan.


About the SCO:

The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a permanent intergovernmental international organization.

The creation of SCO was announced on 15 June 2001 in Shanghai (China).
The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Charter was signed during the St.Petersburg SCO Heads of State meeting in June 2002, and entered into force on 19 September 2003.
It was preceded by the Shanghai Five mechanism.
The SCO’s official languages are Russian and Chinese.

Founding members of SCO were-

The Republic of Kazakhstan,
The People’s Republic of China,
The Kyrgyz Republic,
The Russian Federation,
The Republic of Tajikistan,
The Republic of Uzbekistan.


Background:

Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan were members of the Shanghai Five, Prior to the creation of SCO in 2001.

Shanghai Five (1996) emerged from a series of border demarcation and demilitarization talks which the four former Soviet republics held with China to ensure stability along the borders.
Uzbekistan joined the organisation in 2001, following this the Shanghai Five was renamed the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO).
India and Pakistan became members in 2017.

Member Countries:

Now, SCO is comprised of Eight Member countries. Namely-

Kazakhstan
China
Kyrgyzstan
Russia
Tajikistan
Uzbekistan
India
Pakistan


Objectives of SCO:

Strengthening mutual trust and neighbourliness among the member states.

Promoting their effective cooperation in politics, trade, the economy, research, technology and culture, as well as in education, energy, transport, tourism, environmental protection, and other areas.

Making joint efforts to maintain and ensure peace, security and stability in the region.
Moving towards the establishment of a , fair and rational new and economic order.

Significance for India:

The SCO’s significance for lies in and with the Eurasian states.

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17th Chief Minister of Gujarat

Bhupendra Rajnikant Patel (born 15 July 1962) is an Indian politician and the incumbent Chief Minister of Gujarat since September 2021. He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). He started his political career in municipal bodies of before being elected the member of Gujarat Legislative Assembly representing in 2017.

In the Republic of India, a chief minister is the elected head of government of each state out of the 28 states and sometimes a union territory (currently, only the UTs of Delhi and Puducherry have serving Chief Ministers). According to the of India, the is a state's head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister.

Following elections to the State Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) in a state, the state's governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints and swears in the chief minister, whose of Ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Based on the system, given that he retains the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term can last for the length of the assembly's life maximum of five years. There are no limits to the number of terms that the chief minister can serve.

A chief minister heads a state government's council of ministers and can be deputized in that role by a deputy chief minister. The chief minister generally selects the State Chief Secretary and also can allot departments as per his own wish to the Cabinet Ministers of his state and Ministers of State. He also directs the Chief Secretary to transfer, suspend, or promote officers of his state.

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