IAS STUDY ZONE

आज मैं बहुत खुश हूं।घमंड करना नहीं चाहिए और चाह के कोई कर भी नहीं सकता है।IAS/UPSC इतिहास ऑप्शनल 2017 का पेपर बहुत कठिन नहीं था।हां कुछ प्रश्न काफी गहरे थे और कुछ में ओन स्पॉट क्रिएटिविटी की आवश्यकता थोड़ा ज़्यादा थी।कुछ प्रश्न ऐसे भी थे जिनमें बिखरे तथ्यों और अवधारणाओं को कनेक्ट करने की जरूरत ज़्यादा थी।टोटल 52 प्रश्न हैं शॉर्ट नोट्स और मैप का एक प्रश्न मिला के ।मुझे इस बात की खुशी है कि मेरे पढ़ाए हुए और टेस्ट सीरीज के प्रश्नों को शामिल कर 42 प्रश्न स्पष्ट रूप से पूछें गए हैं।आप सभी का विश्वास और प्रेम मेरे लिए कीमती हैं और भविष्य में भी आपके सपोर्ट और शुभकामनाओं की आशा करता हूं। धन्यवाद।
Today i am very happy, near euphoric.We should not be arrogant and actually one wont be able to be so. IAS/UPSC History Optional,2017 Paper was not very tough.But yes,some questions were quite deep and in some on-spot creativity was required more.Some questions demanded more of connecting scattered facts and concepts.Altogether there were 52 questions including short notes and one map question.it is my pleasure that from what i taught and from what was in test series total 42 questions were clearly asked.I value your love and faith in me and hope for your support and good wishes in future also.Thanks.

French Revolution-- By Waris Sir. French Revolution(1789-1799) Videos aim to educate the students on various topics that are of supreme importance for the Civil Services/IAS Exam conducted by...

The Continental System
Of Napoleon Bonaparte
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"The continental system" was the name given to a system of ecomic warfare thru economic sanctions established during the napoleonic wars, by France against Britain, her colonies and her allies. These measures were implemented by Napoleon as part of his struggle against Britain.

The Continental System was established by Napoleon's “Berlin decree” of Nov. 21, 1806, which declared the British islands in a state of blockade, and prohibited all commerce or communication with them. British shipping was forbidden from entering any European port and all European ships were forbidden to sail to Britain or any territory she controlled. Violators were subject to the seizure and forfeiture of their ship and cargoes. In addition, any British citizen found in any country occupied by France or her allies was declared to be a prisoner of war, even if that person was not a member of the armed forces. This meant that any merchant or trader could be arrested. The system was to be absolute and prevented even non-commercial communication between Britain and the European mainland, such as the movement of mail.

England retaliated with economic sanctions against Napoleon by imposing a blockade of its own. Britain issued an Order in Council on January 7, 1807 which prohibited all vessels belonging to neutral nations from entering any port belonging to France or her allies, or under her control. Any vessel violating this prohibition would be confiscated together with its cargo

The primary purpose of the Continental System was to damage the British economy, which was largely export oriented and therefore needed foreign markets, and also needed to import raw materials. As an island nation, Britain depended on seaborne trade to maintain its economy and provide its war effort with resources. Napoleon believed that if he could isolate Britain, he could destroy its ability to continue fighting.

The Continental System had some success in hurting British trade and economic interests. By some estimates, British trade declined by as much as fifty percent. It also benefited the some parts of the French manufacturing sector by acting essentially as a protective tariff, making British imports unavailable or unaffordable in France and its territories. This stimulated the growth of some local manufacturing and many French capitalists and industrialists made large profits as a result of the embargo on British goods. However it also killed off many trade based industries and deeply hurt the economies of major French ports such as Marseilles. Moreover, the Continental System could not be strictly enforced. British control of the sea meant that British goods continued to be smuggled in, and many French allies only paid lip service to the blockade and turned a blind eye to British imports.

The economic blockade also had some unintended negative repercussions. It prevented the importation of goods and so many items became scarce or extremely expensive, leading to inflation. The Continental System in general hurt the economies of the European countries who enforced it. As a result of rising prices and growing scarcities, the measures were very unpopular with ordinary citizens and affected morale and public opinion.

But the Continental System's most significant impact, was its role in Napoleon's downfall; for in order to enforce the sanctions against the British, Napoleon gambled and lost his empire.
Due to the continental system he got involved in fighting with portugal spain and ally russia.ultimately napoleon was defeated.

THE IMPACT OF NAPOLEON ON EUROPE
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Napoleon Bonaparte made a classical contribution to the history of Europe. As a child of the French Revolution, Napoleon consolidated and perfected the changes that the revolution had caused in Europe. In his reign, he pursued an aggressive foreign policy (Napoleonic war) that destroyed and shaped the political, social and economic structures of Europe. The impact of Napoleonic activities

1) Napoleon laid foundation for the unifications of Italy and Germany. He conquered the Italians and Germans and inspired them with revolutionary doctrines of liberty, equality, fraternity and nationalism. He reduced the number of Italian states from over 300 to 39 states. He also created the Cisalphine republic and the Rhine confederation in Italian and German states respectively. These measures brought the Italians and Germans closer to each other and strengthened their quest for unification. This was later used by Cavour and Bismarck to complete the Italian and German unifications respectively.

2) Napoleon contributed to the abolition of feudalism and serfdom in Europe. He abolished feudalism and serfdom in states that were under French influence like Germany, Italy, Spain, Belgium and Hungary.

Land was nationalized and monopolization of land by the clergy and nobles were ended. The rights of peasants to own land was protected by law. This ended exploitation of peasants, increased their productivity and reduced the problems of famine and starvation in Europe.

3) Napoleonic influence consolidated the new forces of liberalism, nationalism, egalitarianism and socialism.

These were indirectly strengthened in conservative states like Austria, Hungary, Italian and German states.

These new political order became a formidable challenge to the old order of Europe and was responsible for the outbreak of the 1820's, 1830 and 1848 revolutions in Europe. This challenge undermined the influence of conservative personalities like Mettemich and caused their downfall.

4) Napoleon also contributed to the spread of constitutionalism and republicanism in Europe. He granted liberal constitutions to states like the kingdom of Westphalia that was ruled by his brother Jerome Bonaparte. In other German and Italian states, he strengthened constitutional system of government that had been initiated during the French revolutionary period. He also established republics such as Cisalpine, Helevetic and Rhine republics. All these consolidated the influence of constitutionalism and republicanism in Europe.

5) Napoleon established a mighty French empire in Europe by 1815. He accomplished this through conquest, annexation and diplomacy. The empire included Poland, Belgium, Denmark, Italian and German states. It stretched from Adriatic Sea to Baltic Sea.

6) Through the concordat, Napoleon reconciled the Catholic Church and the state of France. Before Napoleon rose to power there was a hostile relationship between the Catholic Church/pope and the French government as a result of negative policies against the church by the revolutionary government. This was brought to an end in 1801when he signed the concordat with the Pope in which the church was brought under state control with the consent of the Pope. The concordat also brought reconciliation with the Pope and other catholic states that were hostile to France.

7) Napoleon's military reforms in Europe were amazing. He had a heterogeneous army that was constituted by recruits and conscripts from conquered states like Italy, Belgium, Germany and France herself. The army was given the best military training that it became the-best infantry troops in Europe during his reign.

Napoleon used the army to conquer other states, collect war indemnity and tributes, suppress resistance in the conquered states and maintain law and order. His military innovation explains why France defeated the second coalition of Britain, Austria and Prussia by 1802.

8) Napoleon initiated legal reforms that became the most convenient and enlightened sets of laws in Europe and beyond. He worked with a committee of lawyers to codify the French laws into criminal, civil, commercial, military and penal codes. This was a clear and systematic set of law that promoted equality of all by nature. It was used in France and the conquered states to preserve law, order, peace and ensure justices. It guaranteed fundamental freedoms and rights. These codes were also adopted by other states of Europe to guarantee peoples' freedom, rights, peace and justice.

9) Through career open to talents, Napoleon promoted equality in Europe. In France and the conquered states like Belgium, Italy and Germany, Napoleon used ability and talents as a basis of appointment and promotion to public service. It created a new nobility of ability unlike the previous nobility that was based on birth. This made the empire to be manned/governed by men and women of talents, which ensured more efficiency in service delivery. The policy was equally adopted in other parts of Europe.

10) The legion of honour promoted patriotism and nationalism in Europe. It was a policy of rewarding those who rendered distinguished services to the state such as the civil service, army and trade. It encouraged people to offer selfless service to their nation most especially in the army. The policy was so successful that Napoleon remarked “men are led by toys”.

11) Napoleon temporarily promoted European diplomacy through short lived treaties that he signed with other powers. In 1801 he formed a temporary alliance with Sweden, Denmark and Spain against Britain because of her monopolization of the med and black sea. In March 1802, he signed the Amiens treaty with Britain that brought temporary reconciliation between her and France. In July 1807, Napoleon signed the Tilsit treaty with Russia where Tsar Alexander I recognized him as emperor of the west and he recognized the Tsar as a "possible" emperor of the east and ports of the Turkish Empire. All these preserved the spirit of diplomacy that other powers like Britain, France, Austria and Russia later used to defeat Napoleon due to his aggressive foreign policy.

12) Napoleon laid foundation for modem education in Europe. In France and the conquered states, Napoleon promoted primary, secondary, university and military education under the management of government or communes. Admission and promotion was based on merit. Church influence over education system was brought to an end and the curriculum was redesigned to promote patriotism and nationalism. His education system was maintained even after his defeat and adopted by other states in Europe.

13) Napoleon’s socio-economic and political reforms were very significant to Europe. In France and the conquered states, Napoleon enhanced/promoted agriculture, industrialization, trade, transport and communication. Co-operative societies, better farming techniques and soft loans helped to boost agriculture and industrialization. The chamber of commerce, commercial exchanges and trade exhibitions were organized to promote trade between France and other states in Europe. Roads, railways, canals, bridges and sea ports were improved to facilitate transport and communication within the French empire.

All these became the basis for modernization, trade and industrialization in Europe. It also reduced the problems of famine, poverty and starvation that had rocked Europe before Napoleon rose to power.

HISTORY (Optional / for GS)(New Batch) by Waris Siddiqui @ Old Rajendra Nagar,Delhi.11 years teaching experience.Starting with the ABC of the subject and then proceeding further step by step.Crystal clarity.Concepts explained in an easy to understand manner. WhatsApp-8860441290 (Online/Offline)

HISTORY (Optional / for GS) by Waris Siddiqui @ Old Rajendra Nagar.(NEW BATCH).whatsApp-8860441290

ONLINE OPTIONAL
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इलाहाबाद,लखनऊ,जयपुर और पटना के छात्रों की शुभकामनाओं और प्रेम को विशेष रूप से समर्पित।
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ONLINE & OFFLINE TEST SERIES.
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इलाहाबाद,जयपुर ,लखनऊ और पटना के छात्रों की शुभकामनाओं और प्रेम को विशेष रूप से समर्पित।
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