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"In the month of Ramadan in the year 899 [June 1494], in the province of Fergana, in my twelfth year I became king."

~ Timurid-Mughal Emperor Zahir ud-Din Muhammad Babur

⚫ Image description : Portrait of the Timurid-Mughal Emperor Babur.

⚫ Image Source : The British Museum Collection.

⚫ Quotes detail : From Baburnama.

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Maulavi Ahmadullah Shah Shaheed rahmatullaah 'alaih: Born in the 1820 AD. He was the son of Nawab Muhammad Ali Khan of Chinapattan (Madras). He became a disciple of Saiyad Furqan Shah rahmatullaah 'alaih, a sufi saint of the Qadri order. He arrived at Lucknow in November, 1856. At the time of the battle of Chinhat, he commanded both the Hindu and Muslim sepoys in which the British forces under Henry Lawrence were defeated. Begum Hazrat Mahal also joined him. Later on, Maulavi Ahmadullah Shah Shaheed rahmatullaah 'alaih established himself at Muhammadi (It's a town in Lakhimpur Kheri district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh) where he declared himself to be an independent ruler. Sir Collin Campbell attacked Muhammadi on 24th May, 1858 and defeated Maulavi Ahmadullah Shah Shaheed rahmatullaah 'alaih. He left Muhammadi and proceeded towards Puwanyan(It's a town in Shahjahanpur district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh) where he betrayed by Hindu Raja Jagannath of Puwanyan and was killed on 5th June, 1858.

"A man of great abilities, of undaunted courage, of stern determination, and by far the best soldier among the rebels."
- Thomas Seaton about Maulavi Ahmadullah Shah Shaheed rahmatullaah 'alaih.

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Hazrat Khawaja Sayyad Fakhruddin rahmatullaah 'alaih was born in 609 AH and was the eldest son of Hazrat Khwaja Mu'in al-Din Chishti rahmatullaah 'alaihi who earned his livelihood by farming in "Mandal" , a village near Ajmer. He was a great Sufi saint. After twenty years of Hazrat Khwaja Mu'in al-Din Chishti rahmatullaah 'alaih death he died in Sarwar, some 20 miles away from Ajmer. His Mazar is located near a Hauz in the Sarwar town. His Urs is celebrated on the 3rd of Shaban every year with great fervour.

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India and the Mughal Empire experienced important changes under Jahangir and Shah Jahan. First, the empire grew in both territorial extent and wealth: between 1580 and 1646 its revenue demand more than doubled, growing from 90.7 to 222.3 million rupees, owing largely to territorial annexations, especially in Bengal and the north Deccan. As the empire territory expanded, so did its corps mansabdars, both in size and in composition. As the above chart indicates, mansabdars holding medium or higher ranks nearly doubled in number between the end of Akbar region and the end of Shah Jahan region. Throughout this period the nobility Iranian component remained high and stable, comprising about a quarter of the total. Afghans were poorly represented in Akbar nobility owing to suspicions of their loyalty, but they fared somewhat better under Jahangir and Shah Jahan, as those suspicions began to dissipate. Whereas the proportion of Indian Muslims in the nobility remained at about an eighth of the total throughout this period, the number of Turkish nobles dropped from a third to a quarter of the total, while Rajputs made a modest gain overall and they have, on average, higher ranks than other groups.

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In the 12th century the historian Ibn Balkhi conceived of kingship in that earlier age as based on the supreme principles of justice, for, he wrote, every king had taught his heir apparent the following maxim:

"There is no kingdom without an army, no army without wealth, no wealth without material prosperity, and no material prosperity without justice."
- Ibn Balkhi

Image Description: Timurid-Mughal Emperor holding a crown.
Image Source: British Museum collection.

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In Sufism, the Majzoob or Majzub is a mystical station (haal) that the Muslim saint (wali) underwent in his journey within Islamic sufism to reach the posture (maqaam) of reacher (wassil).

Notable Majzub wali in India: -
1. Hazrat Shah Abul-Ghaib Bukhari rahmatullaah 'alaih
2. Hazrat Mian Ma'ruf rahmatullaah 'alaih
3. Hazrat Sheikh Alauddin Majzub rahmatullaah 'alaih
4. Hazrat Massoud Nakhasi rahmatullaah 'alaih
5. Hazrat Sheikh Hasan Majzub rahmatullaah 'alaih
6. Hazrat Sheikh Hasan rahmatullaah 'alaih
7. Hazrat Sheikh Abdullah Abdāl rahmatullaah 'alaih
8. Hazrat Sheikh Yusuf Abdāl rahmatullaah 'alaih
9. Hazrat Shah Mansur rahmatullaah 'alaih
10. Hazrat Miyan Munger rahmatullaah 'alaih
11. Hazrat Sobhan (سوبھن) Majzub rahmatullaah 'alaih
12. Hazrat Aladdin (الہ دین) Majzub rahmatullaah 'alaih

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"I came as a stranger, and I leave as a stranger."
- Emperor Hazrat Aurangzeb Alamgir Rahmatullah Alaih, letter written on the verge of death to his son Kam Baksh.

Personal life of the Timurid-Mughal emperor Hazrat Aurangzeb Alamgir: He had in some ways tried to be an exemplary monarch. Deeply conscious that his exalted office was a trust conferred by Almighty Allah, he had sought to live by the labour of his on two hands. His court was indeed as magnificent as that of his late father (Emperor Shah Jahan) but he sought to meet his own personal expenses by the sale of Caps (topi), sewn by himself, and copies of Holy Quran, beautifully self-transcribed. When he finally died, his personal treasury was found to contain Rs. 3.5 which were proceeds from sale of cape (topi), and another sum of Rs. 350 which were the earnings from the Holy Quran. In accordance with his wish the expenses of the funeral were defrayed from the first sum while the rest of the money was spent on the ritual feedings of faqirs and mendicants. His uncovered grave is to be found in the courtyard of the tomb of the Sufi saint Hazrat Khawaja Syed Zain-ud-din Shirazi Rahmatullah Alaih near Aurangabad, at the place now named after his Raoza Khuldabad. He is the only one of the great Mughals who does not enjoy the luxury of a tomb or a garden all to himself.

Image source: British Museum collection.

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"This is a unique colonialism that we have been subjected to where they have no use for us. The best Palestinian for them is either dead or gone. It's not that they want to exploit us, or that they need to keep us there in the way of Algeria or South Africa as subclass."
-Prof. Edward Said.

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Ladies and gentlemen, said Lord Wellesley, raising a glass, when the news of Hazrat Tipu Sultan rahmatullaah 'alaih death was brought to him, "I drink to the co**se of India."

Note: - Richard Colley Wellesley (1760-1842) was Governor General of India who conquered more of India than Napoleon did of Europe. He used the East India Companys armies and resources successfully to wage the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, which ended with the killing of Hazrat Tipu Sultan rahmatullaah 'alaih and destruction of his capital in 1799, then the Second Anglo-Maratha War, which led to the defeat of the armies of both Scindia and Holkar in 1803. By this time, He had expelled the last French units from India and given the East India Company control of the subcontinent south of the Punjab.

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"In The region of Hindustan, this scrap of bread [i.e., the Mughal Empire] is a generous gift from Their Majesties, Timur and Akbar."
~ Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir rahmatullaah 'alaih, in a letter to his grandson Bidar Bakht.

Image source: British Museum collection.

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The reign of the great Sultan Alauddin Khalji, witnessed certain things which could be counted among the wonders of the time, the likes of which had not been witnessed in any age and perhaps would never be witnessed again. This could either be considered as istidraj (miracles granted to a sinner so that he may persist in his sinful ways and be doomed) or counted among the subtle acts of destiny ordained by the Almighty.
1. The first wonder was the prices of grains, other commodities and means of life so much so that their prices did not increase or decrease where there was regular rain or lack of it.
2. The second wonder was plenty of conquests and victories during the reign of Sultan Alauddin Khalji.
3. The third wonder of the age of Sultan Alauddin Khalji was total elimination of the Mongols. Many of them (Mongols) were captured, imprisoned and killed during his reign and their blood was shed both in battels and in meting out punishment to them.
4. The fourth wonder that was seen in his reign was the maintenance of a very large army on small stipends.
5. The fifth wonder was the complete suppression of the recalcitrant and the rebels and excessive submission of the obedient and the loyal that was witnessed in the reign of Sultan Alauddin Khalji.
6. The sixth wonder that was witnessed in the reign of Sultan Alauddin Khalji was the complete safety and security of roads connecting the capital city from all the sides.
7. The seventh wonder that was in fact the most wondrous of all wonders was that honest behaviour and honest sales by the bazaar people.
8. The eighth wonder of Sultan Alauddin Khalji region was the great activity in the field of construction and the er****on of buildings such as mosques, minarets, forts and excavation of tanks.
9. The ninth wonder was that the hearts of Muslims had turned towards righteousness, honesty, piety, justice, religiosity and honesty were visible in the transactions of the people.
10. The tenth wonder was assemblage of elders of every community, specialists of every branch of learning and experts of every art. Thus, Delhi become emerged as a great city.

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"Honesty and faithfulness people and army strengthen the state. The work which can’t done by hundred thousand cavalries can be done by one correct arrangement."
~ Amir Temur

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