23/07/2026
Fundamental Rights under the Indian Constitution: Articles, Meaning, and Exceptions
Fundamental Rights are basic protections that the Constitution guarantees to individuals against the state. The key word here is “state” — these rights protect citizens from government overreach, not from what one private citizen does to another (though ordinary law handles that too).
They are “fundamental” for a specific reason: they cannot be taken away by a simple parliamentary majority. Changing or removing them requires a constitutional amendment, and even then, the Supreme Court has held — in the famous Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) case — that no amendment can destroy the “basic structure” of the Constitution. Fundamental Rights are part of that basic structure.
They live in Articles 12 to 35, grouped into six categories. Let us go through each one.
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Discover Part III of the Indian Constitution. Learn about Fundamental Rights, Articles 12–35, their categories, exceptions, and enforcement.