Technical studies

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Here is a remote operated spy robot circuitwhich can be controlled by using a wirelessremote controller. It can capture audio andvideo information’s from the surroundings and can be sent to a remote station through RF signals. The maximum range is 125 meters. It overcomes the limited rangeof infrared remote controllers. This robot consists of mainly two sections. They are explained in detail below.
1.Remote Control SectionThe circuit uses HT 12E, HT 12D encoder and decoder. 433MHz ASK transmitter and receiver is used for the remote control. H-bridge circuits are used for driving motors. Two 12V DC/100RPM gear motors are used as drivers. The working of the circuit is as follows.When we are pressing any key in remote controller the HT 12E generate 8 bit address and 4 bit data .The DIP switches are used for setting the address. Then the ASK transmitter sends the 8 bit address and 4 bit data to the receiver Then the ASK receiver receives the 8 bit address and 4 bit data and HT 12D decoder decodes the data, thus enabling the appropriate output.Thus the output signals that are generated controls the H-bridge which then rotates the motors.The 433 MHZ ASK transmitter and receivers are extremely small, and are excellent for applications requiring short-range RF remote controls. The transmitter module is only 1/3rdthe size of a standard postage stamp, and can easily be placed inside a small plastic enclosure. The transmitter output is up to 8mW at 433.92MHz. The transmitter accepts both linear and digital inputs and can operate from 1.5 to 12 Volts-DC, and makes building a miniature hand-held RF transmitter very easy. The 433 MHZ ASK transmitters is approximately the size of a standard postage stamp433 MHZ ASK receivers also operate at 433.92MHz, and have a sensitivity of 3uV. The receiver operates from 4.5 to 5.5 volts-DC.
2.Video Transmission SectionIn this project we are using a wireless CCD camera. Now these types of cameras are commonly available in the market. It workson 12VDC supply.To know more about CCD camera, click on the link below.TAKE A LOOK :CHARGE COUPLED DEVICES (CCD)The 12 Volt DC supply is taken from the battery placed in the robot. The camera has a receiver, which is placed in the remote station. Its output signals are in theform of audio and video. These signals are directly connected to a TV receiver or a computer through a tuner card.
Components RequiredICHT 12E1HT 12D1LM 78052TRANSISTORTIP 1274TIP 1224S 80504DIODE1N 41488RESISTOR1K4220E439K11M1ASK TRANSMITTER433 MHz1ASK RECEIVER433 MHz1DIP SWITCH2PUSH TO ON SWITCH4GEAR MOTOR12V DC 100rpm2BATTERY12V 1.3 Ah rechargeable19V1WIRELESS CCD CAMERA1ConstructionThe steps for the construction are…1. Take a hylam sheet with (20cm*15cm) size.2. Fix two gear motors (12VDC 100rpm) in the hylam sheet by using aluminum pieces and nut bolts as shown in the figure below. 3. Fix the ball castor
4. Then fix the battery (12VDC 1.2Ah) on thetop of the spy robot
5. Connect two motors to the PCB. The PCBis then connected to the battery.6. Connect the wireless CCD camera to the battery.7. Connect the camera receiver to the TV orcomputer. Video information’s will thus appear in the screen.8. Switch on the remote controller and control the spy robot.

Gloves mouse

Fault detection system for power transmission line project

Hand made Solar charger . .
With rechargeable battery 8v
And solar panel current 0.5 mA

Did you ever thought about your micro SD card? How it store data in it?

micro SD memory cards are memory card expansions for small
electronic devices, most often telephones. They also get used in
smaller cameras, digital recorders and similar electronic devices. Not
all phones have them; for example, Apple's iPhone does not have a
micro SD card, though most Android phones and tablets do. Moving
data to and from the MicroSD card is much like moving files around
from your laptop computer to a thumb drive or other removable media.
Devices That Use the MicroSD Card
To get the most out of your MicroSD card you may need to have root
access to your phone, or the ability to browse through folders on the
phone like you would on a computer desktop. For Android phones, this
ability may already be present, and different manufacturers allow
different levels of access to the directory structure. If your phone
doesn't allow this, look for a program called "CyanogenMod" and read
up on how to use it to get full access to your phone's directory
structure (and other features). Note that rooting your phone may void
your warranty. Even without full root access to your phone, several
things can be done to make use of the MicroSD card. Setting up your
microSD card as the default save location for your phone's camera is
one; several phones from HTC and Samsung ask if you want to do this
when the card is inserted. Google has made this one of the default
behaviors in Android 4.0 and later, though not all phones have gotten
this update. The MicroSD card can store any kind of file your phone can
use, so it's also good for music and ringtone files.
Accessing MicroSD Storage
When you insert a MicroSD card in the phone, the operating system
mounts it as an external memory source. On Android phones your
MicroSD card shows up as "SD Card Storage," alongside "Device
Memory" and "USB" storage separately. "Device Memory" is memory
that's specifically reserved for the operating system. "USB" is whatever
inherent storage the phone has, and "SD Card Storage" is the detected
capacity of your MicroSD card.
Applications and the MicroSD Card
You can put a MicroSD card in their phone to store data from
applications. If you can see the folder where your application stores
data, you can move it to the MicroSD card. Applications that require the
user to pay for them and applications or programs that are part of the
phone's operating system can't be put into a MicroSD card, but most
everything else can -- although sometimes it takes experimentation to
figure out just how. Paid applications have this restriction to prevent
unauthorized sharing.
MicroSD Cards and SD Card Readers
MicroSD cards come with adapter plates. These are SD-sized cards
that you can slide the MicroSD card into, and then slip into a standard
SD card-reader slot. These adapters make it possible to use MicroSD
cards for moving data between a telephone and computer without
having a Wi-Fi or cable connection. This ability is particularly useful
when moving large multimedia files between the two devices, like
movies or photo libraries.
Kinds of MicroSD Cards
While MicroSD card capacities range from 2GB to 128GB, not all cellular
phones can read or write to the larger capacity cards. Before buying the
largest card available, check your telephone's hardware specifications.
For example, they may specify that it reads SDHC MicroSD cards,
which have a maximum capacity of 32GB. If it says "Standard SD," it's
limited to 2GB of storage. Newer phones may implement some variety
of SDXC, which will let them mount a 64GB or 128GB card. Check to
see if the hardware manufacturer specifies a specific maximum card
size that's lower than the defined standard.

Circuit board of television

How Does a Television Work?

A television produces a series of tiny dots on a screen that,
when seen as a whole, appear as an image. Older televisions
rely on a cathode-ray tube to produce images, and operate with
an analog signal. As technology has advanced and broadcast
signals transitioned from analog to digital , plasma and LCD
(liquid crystal display) televisions were created. These TVs are
more compact and have crisper pictures than their cathode-ray
counterparts because they use a thin grid of pixels to create
images rather than a vacuum tube .
The Eyes and the Brain
Most kinds of television work from the same basic principle. The
tiny dots of light produced on the TV screen, called pixels, flash
according to a specific pattern provided by the video signal. A
person's eyes transmit this pattern to the brain, where it is
interpreted as a recognizable image. The television set refreshes
these patterns hundreds of times per second — faster than the
human eye can see — which gives the illusion of movement.
The Cathode-Ray Tube
The cathode-ray tube (CRT), the oldest version of the television,
consists of a vacuum tube with a narrow end and a wide end.
The narrow end contains an ion gun, which shoots out a series
of charged particles of electricity. A series of electromagnets
guide the particles to specific points on the wide end of the tube,
the screen that viewers look at. Phosphors, substances that light
up when a charged electrical particle hits them, coat the screen's
inner surface. The ion gun essentially sprays the image at the
screen, much like a paint gun sprays paint onto a surface.
Different kinds of phosphors produce different colors, but for
color television, only red, blue, and green are needed. Using
these colors in various combinations and intensities can create
all the colors the human eye can see. As energy travels from the
ion gun to the phosphors, it is filtered to strike the exact point on
the screen needed to produce a specific hue. In combination, all
of these colored pixels create a color image .
Cathode-ray tubes are quite heavy due to the large amount of
glass they contain, and relatively inefficient, especially when
used in large-screen televisions. For this reason, new
technologies were developed to make lighter sets with crisper
images. In addition, the development of high definition (HD)
digital broadcast signals made bigger screens more popular
since the images were of higher quality. Plasma and LCD
televisions were created in response.
The Plasma Screen
A plasma screen television consists of a number of tiny cells
filled with neon and xenon gases. Each cell is linked to an
electrode, which, when fired, excites the gases contained in the
cell. The gases emit charge particles, much like the ion gun, that
interact with phosphors coating the glass inside each cell. The
phosphors light up, creating the image seen on the television
screen. The large number of cells in a plasma screen makes for
a great number of pixels, rendering a clearer and brighter image.
Compared to other technologies, plasma TVs produce some of
deepest blacks, which means that the contrast ratio is very high.
They also have very high refresh rates, so images with a lot of
motion don't blur as they can on other televisions. If the image
remains static, however, it can burn into the screen, creating a
permanent discoloration; this is more common in older plasma
TVs, and can also occur with CRT screens. Plasma screens can
be set to be very bright, which requires a lot of electricity. They
also tend to be thicker than LCD televisions, although much
thinner than CRTs.
The LCD Screen
LCD televisions also use cells to create images. Rather than
exciting gases as plasma TVs do, however, the cells contain a
set of red, blue, and green filters covered by a layer of liquid
crystals sandwiched between two pieces of glass. Depending on
the display type, each cell is linked to either electrodes or thin
film transistors (TFT), which trigger the necessary cells to create
the image. A backlight — most often cold-cathode fluorescent
lamp — lights up the screen so the image can be seen.
While LCDs are very light and thin, they are subject to "dead"
pixels, where one or more cells on the screen do not change.
Viewing LCD screens from an angle can also lower the picture
quality. They have slower response times than plasma or CRT
televisions as well, so images can "ghost" or blur in movement.
More recent versions of the LCD television use light-emitting
diodes (LEDs) as the light source rather than cold-cathode
fluorescent lamps. LED televisions require less electricity than
regular LCD screens, and take up even less space. Also, LEDs
generally emit a brighter white light, making these screens
especially vivid.

Let's learn some more about mobile

Building a binary tree in C
The following program shows how to build a binary tree in a
C program. It uses dynamic memory allocation, pointers and
recursion. A binary tree is a very useful data-structure, since
it allows efficient insertion, searching and deletion in a sorted
list. As such a tree is essentially a recursively defined
structure, recursive programming is the natural and efficient
way to handle it.
tree
empty
node left-branch right-branch
left-branch
tree
right-branch
tree


struct tree_el {
int val;
struct tree_el * right, * left;
};
typedef struct tree_el node;
void insert(node ** tree, node * item) {
if(!(*tree)) {
*tree = item;
return;
}
if(item->valval)
insert(&(*tree)->left, item);
else if(item->val>(*tree)->val)
insert(&(*tree)->right, item);
}
void printout(node * tree) {
if(tree->left) printout(tree->left);
printf("%d\n",tree->val);
if(tree->right) printout(tree->right);
}
void main() {
node * curr, * root;
int i;
root = NULL;
for(i=1;ileft = curr->right = NULL;
curr->val = rand();
insert(&root, curr);
}
printout(root);
}

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