AP's Zoology Notes

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Haidar Nawab Haidar Nawab, Muhammad Farhan Majeed, Shahsawar Khan, Mehreen Fatima

SDS
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
An anionic detergent that denatures secondary and nondisulfide-linked tertiary protein structure, shattering its native shape. It confers overall negative charge to different proteins as a function of their size. Accordingly, all the proteins having the same shape are separated only for their size during electrophoresis. Electrophoretic separation in polyacrylamide gel (PAGE) with SDS is called SDS PAGE.
Furthermore, SDS can also be used to aid in lysing cells during DNA extraction.

Definition of Life ...‘Life is a physico-chemical tapestry of biomolecules having organisation and self sustenance supported by energy transfer and transformation; it can be acellular or multicellular; maintained through reproduction and variations; it has beginning and end; and is expressed through evolution and Biodiversity (self created definition need to be verified for its completeness)

Hydrogen Breath Test(HBT) : A simple noninvasive diagnostic tool to assess overgrowth of intestinal bacteria and also malabsorption of sugars ( Lactose, Fructose) or sugar derivatives (Sorbitol). it involves testing of hydrogen (or methane or both) in the breath. It is generally performed after 8-12 hours of fasting; and may also require testing at regular intervals to conclude.

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Iron Absorption & Vitamin C
Iron is absorbed in two forms: Haem (Haemoglobin and Myoglobin) and Non-haem (from Plant sources) form. Iron is absorbed by Mucosa of Intestine. Haem form is easily absorbed. But, non-haem form requires Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid), Meat/Fish. Vitamin C reduces Ferric to Ferrous, prevents formation of insoluble and unabsorbable forms of Iron Compounds; and also reverses inhibitory effect of Tea and Calcium/Phosphates on Vitamin C absorption. Pairing of Iron Source (Iron Fortified Cereals, etc) and Vitamin C Source (Orange/ Multivitamin, etc) brings about maximal absorption of Iron.

Inulin - a fructan (fructose polysaccharide) obtained from rhizome of Inula helenium (family Compositae/Asteraceae).. Used for performing a kidney function test (inulin Clearance Test; Filtration Rate Test)

Enzyme of digestive juices which does not act on any of food components.... Enterokinase [Enteropeptidase; a serine protease secreted by duodenal Mucosa to activate Trypsinogen into Trypsin and for subsequent activation of Pancreatic Enzymes; discovered by Ivan Pavlov (Father of Conditioning)] and Alkaline Phosphatase (present in Bile; marker for Obstructive Jaundice)

Workout Source of Uric Acid in Insects, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals & Primates......Vitamins, Amino Acids or Purines

Membrane Bound Enzymes (cf Free Floating Enzymes) of Small Intestine are embedded in Microvilli..Partly or wholly of Enterocytes......Include Disaccharidases (sucrase, lactase, maltase, trehalase, cellobiase), Alkaline Phosphatases and Aminopeptidases. They perform activity for longer period of time.