31/12/2024
National Movement of India
National Congress of India: The first session of the National Congress of India was held on 28-30 December 1885 at the hall of Gaekuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay under the chairmanship of Umesh Chandra Banerjee, a prominent lawyer from Calcutta. There were 72 delegates in this session. Its second session was held in Calcutta in 1816 AD. The period from 1885-1905 is called the moderate era. Then the influence of the extremists was established. The period from 1918-1947 is called Gandhi's era.
The word 'swaraj' was first used in the Calcutta Congress session in 1906. Notable among the moderate leaders of the Congress were Dadabhai Naurji, K. T. Telang, Gekhle, Firaj Shah Mehta, A. M. Dharamji, Badruddin Tayebji, Umeshchandra Banerjee, George Yule, Ananda Charlu, Alpad Web, Surendranath Banerjee, Rahmatullah Sahani, Sreesankaran Iyer, Anandamahen Basu, Dinsha Wacha, Rasbihari Ghaesh, Lalmahen Ghassan, Notable among the extremist leaders of the Congress were K, K, Mitra, Brahmabandhab Upadhyay, Satish Chandra Mukherjee, Pulinbihari Das, Bipin Chandra Pal, Rasbihari Basu, Apurbakumar Ghaesh, Rajnikant Sen, Ashwini Kumar Dutt, Balnaparaj, Gherpalag Grass, Ajit Singh, Chidambaram Pillai, T. Publications, m. Krishnarao Prom. Balgangadhar Tilak (1856-1920): He is known as Lakemanya. British journalist Valentine Chiral Tilak has been called the father of instability in India. In 1894 he started Ganpati Utsav, in 1895 Shivaji Utsav, in 1896 Nae Tass Campaign in Maharashtra. In 1897 he was imprisoned for 18 months. In 1907 he was sent to Mandalay Jail for 6 years.
Partition of Bengal and Swadeshi Movement: On 19 July 1905, Lord Curzon announced the plan for the partition of Bengal and the partition was carried out on 16 October. East Bengal and Assam are made up of Dhaka Division, Chittagong Division, Rajshahi Division, Hill Tripura, Malda District, and Darjeeling. On the other hand, the province of Bengal is made up of West Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. The eastern capital is Dhaka and the western capital is Calcutta. In 1903, the Rizli Plan for the Partition of Bengal was published. But it did not work due to public opposition.
On July 6, 1905, Krishnakumar Mitra wrote in the Sanjivani newspaper against the partition of Bengal under the title 'Destruction of Bengal'. On 1 October a hartal was observed all over the country against the partition of Bengal. Rabindranath celebrated Rakhi Bandhan on 16 October and wrote the song 'Banglar Mati, Banglar Jal'. Ramendrasundara Trivedi called for the celebration of Arandhan on this day. Under the presidency of Ananda Mahen Basu, a 'Milon Mandir' or Federation Hall was established at Upper Circular Road as a symbol of unity in both Bengalis. On that day, the National Treasury was established at Pashupati Basu's house in Bagbazar. A boycott was called for in Sanjivani on 13 July 1905 and a boycott pledge was published in the paper on 20 July. The first boycott was proposed at the Bagerhat public meeting in Khulna on 16 July.
The Swadeshi movement was complementary to the boycott. Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy established Bengal Chemicals. The Nilratan government set up a national soap factory. The National Medical College was established in Calcutta. Jamshedji Tata set up an iron and steel factory at Jamshedpur. Saraladevi Chowdhurani established Lakshmi's Bhandar. Chidambaram Pillai set up an indigenous shipyard in Madras. The Carlyle Circular was issued on 10 October 1905, the Lyon Circular on 16 October 1905 and the Pedlar Circular on 21 October 1905 to remove the Chhatra Dal from the Partition Movement. Against these circulars. Student leader Sachindranath Bose founded the Anti-Circular Society in Calcutta. On 11 March 1906, the National Education Council was formed with 92 members under the chairmanship of Satyendranath Tagore. On 14 August the Bengal National School and College was established and the Bengal Technical Institution for technical education was formed. The partition of Bengal was canceled by Lord Hardinge in 1911. The main slogan of the Partition Movement was 'Bandemataram'. Rabindranath gave the idea of ​​self-empowerment. Mukunda Das was a famous Charan poet at this time.
Partition of Surat: In 1907, it was decided to hold the annual session of the Congress in Surat, Gujarat. Moderate Rashbehari Ghaesh was elected president of this session. On the other hand, the extremists nominated Lala Lajpat Roy as the President of Congress. When Tilak tried to adjourn the session on December 27, the reception committee chairman Madan Mahen Malviya canceled it. There were incidents of throwing Marathi slippers in the session and the session was ruined when Surendranath was hit. As a result, the moderates and extremists of the Congress were divided. This session of the Congress was supposed to be held in Nagpur but Firaj Shah Mehta took it to Surat. In this session, Firah Shah Mehta also wore shoes. Then, in 1916, at the Lakshau session of the Congress, an extremist and moderate union took place. In September 1916, Mrs. Annie Besant founded the Hamrul League. He was accompanied by George Orandell. N. C. Tilak set up the Indian Hamrul League with Kelkar as its editor. GS Kharpade, b. S. Munje, R. P. Become a member of Karandhikar. Tilak established six branches in Maharashtra, Bombay, Karnataka, Central Province, and Berare with two branches. In 1916, Tilak and Annie Besant were given a reception at the Lakshau session of the Congress. Congress President Ambikacharan Majumder strongly condemned the attack on them. The Congress and the Hemrul League merged despite the opposition of Madanmahan Malviya. The Hemrul movement spread to Canada and Australia. The Hamrul League was established in New York and San Francisco. Lajpat Roy, N. H. Hardikar and K. D. Shastri visits America.
In 1919, Tilak toured various Hemrul League branches in the United States for 86 days. He visited 20 states in the United States and held 25 meetings. In 1917, Annie Besant was arrested by the Madras government. In his honor, he was elected President of the Calcutta Congress in 1917.
