Agriculture extension for ICAR JRF SRF NET and other competitive exam

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Agriculture extension for ICAR JRF SRF NET and other competitive exam useful for Agriculture related students

17/06/2021

Gangplank Principle: Henry Fayol
•A Gang plank is a- temporary arrangement between two different points tofacilitate quick and easy communication.
•In certain special situations the Scalar chain Chain of command should beavoided.
•Gang plank principle violates‘Scalar chain/Chain of command’.
•To facilitate speed and efficiency in administrative matters, communicationthrough the formal chain can be avoided and lateral communication ispermitted.
2. Neo- Classical Theory- Human Relations Movement
• Emphasized on psychological and social aspects of the worker as an individual and his work group
• Hawthorne experiments conducted by- Elton Mayo and Roethlisberger
• According to this theory an ‘Organization is a group of persons with common objectives’.
• Neoclassical theory stressed on ‘Informal Organization’
Elements of Neo-Classical theory:
• Individual
• Work groups (Informal Organization)
• Participative Management

15/06/2021

‘POSDCORB’ as management function was developed by- Luther Gullick
• The acronym POSDCORB symbolizes- The activities of an administrator
• Acronym POSDCORB stands for- Planning, Organizing, Staffing,
Directing, Coordinating, Reporting,Budgeting
• Management standsfor- managing Men, Money and Material
• Aim of organization and Manager is- to create surplus
• Managing is concernedwith- Productivity
• The essence of managership and purpose of manager is- Coordination
• Grouping of activitiesinto units for administration- Departmentation
• Acid test associated with- Supervision
• *Term ‘Development Administration’coined by- George Gant
• Henry Fayol- Father of Modern Management theory & Administrative theory
*Max Weber- Father of Bureaucracy
6 Important Principles of Scientific Management- FrederickTaylor
1. Development of Science, Not Rule of Thumb
2. Scientific Selection, Training and Development of Workers
3. Cooperation, Harmony, Not Discord (Conflict)
4. Division of Responsibility
5. Mental Revolution
6. Maximum Prosperity for Employer & Employee i.e., Development of Every Person to
his Greatest Efficiency
❖ Scientific management focuses on worker and machine relationship and Wage
Incentives
❖ Functional Foremanship: A type of supervision which is based on multiple supervisors
on account of functional specialization. Each supervisor will be specializing only in one
function

15/06/2021

Term management is derived from- French word’ Menage’ means‘housekeeping’
• The process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals,
working together in groups, efficiently accomplish selected aims is- Management(SRF 2016)
• The art of getting things done through other people- Management (Mary ParkerFollet)
• Management is a function of- Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Leading, Controlling (POSLC)- (modern management functions)
• The ‘Siamese twins’ of management- Planning and Controlling (SRF 2015)
• The aim of all managers is to- Create surplus
• Managing is concern with productivity which implies- Effectiveness andefficiency
*Output-Input ratio within a time period with due consideration to quality-Productivity
• The achievement of objectives- Effectiveness
• The achievement of ends with least amount of resources is- Efficiency
• Managing as a practice is- Art
• The organized knowledge underlying the practice is- Science
• Three basic skills in management was given by- Henri Fayol
• Three basic skills are- Technical, Human and Conceptual skills
• Three skills were popularized by- Robert Katz
• Ability to deal with the tools, techniques, equipments, methods, procedures andknowledge of a specialized field- Technical skill
• At supervisory level, skill required is- Technical skill
• The skill that is learnt easily is- Technical skill
At lower level of management, skill required is- Technical skill
• Ability to work with, understand and motivate other people as individuals or in groups-
Human skills
• For frequent interaction with subordinate skill required is- Human skill
• *The skill required at all levels of management is- Human skill
• Ability and coordinate and integrate all of an organizations interests and activities is-
Conceptual skill
• Ability to think and conceptualize abstract situation is- Conceptual skill
• Ability to make complex decision is- Conceptual skill
• At the top management level, the skill required is- Conceptual, Design and Human skill
• At middle level management- technical skill decreases, human skill still essential & conceptual skill gain in importance

04/08/2020

Extension Role of Agricultural Universities:
*The University Education Commission (1959), headed by Dr. S. Radhakrishnan- recommended the establishment of "Rural Universities" in India.
- It was first commission for higher education.
* The two joint Indo- American Teams on Agricultural Research and Education (1954-55 and 1959-60) recommended the setting up of Agricultural Universities in the states on the pattern of Land Grant Colleges of the United States of America.
* First AU came into existence at Pantnagar, Uttaranchal State ( Earstwhile Uttar pradesh) in 1960.
* The role of AU is presented by the Report of the Review Committee of AU headed by Dr. M. S. Randhwa (1978): Teaching, Research and Extension.
*Dr. Ralph W. Cummings prepared blue print for establishment of Agricultural Universities in different states of India.
*Three Agriculture Universities in India: Central Agriculture University, Manipur.
Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agriculture University, Jhansi UP.
Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University at PUSA Bihar.
* First extension teaching started by College of Agriculture, Calcutta University in 1950.
* First post graduation teaching in College of Agriculture, Sabaur, Bihar in 1955
Next PG teaching started at College of Agriculture, Nagpur in 1958.
*First PhD programme by IARI in 1961.
* The role of extension education in India is performed by State Agriculture Universities.

04/08/2020

Fiscal commission:1949
Extension Education Institute:
EEI's were established in India at the regional level. These were-
1. Nilokheri in Haryana (1959): Haryana Institute of Rural Development, HIRD.
2. Anand in Gujarat 1962): Institute of Rural Management, Gujrat.
3. Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh (1962)
4. Jorhat in Assam (1987).

22/07/2020

India: Brief Historical Background
* Famine commission report 1866
-Department of Revenue, Agriculture and Commerce (DRAC) was set in 1871:
Famine commission 1866 recommend establishment of Agriculture department in 1871 in the tenure of Lord Mayo.

*Famine commission 1880
-Recommended revival of Dept. Of Agriculture (DOA) under the control of secretary (1881) and all provinces to have 'DOA' (1882).
>1891:
Foundation for Agriculture Research laid by Dr. J.A. Voelcker. With the establishment of Imperial Biological Laboratory in 1989.
>1892:
Agriculture chemist and assistant appointed to look after research and teaching.

*The Famine commission 1901
- Setting up of Imperial Agriculture Research Institute at Pusa, Bihar in 1905.
>First Irrigation commission 1901.
> 1901-05 Six Agricultural colleges were set up - Pune, Nagpur, Kanpur, sabour, Lyallpur and Coimbatore.

*The Government of India Act 1919
- Agriculture become the state subject.

* The Royal Commission on Agriculture in India 1928.
- It paved the way for development on Extension in India.
- Visual Demonstration to motivate farmers in farmer's field and appointment of Director of Agriculture etc.
-Royal commission report recommended to cease Indian Agriculture Service (IAS) in 1924.

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22/07/2020

Japan:
* Extension work in Japan was first started by Farmers organisation.
*Cooperatives were used to be main agency for agricultural extension.
*Agricultural extension service was established in 1948.
* Agricultural extension work is organized for what is called an "area".
* Extension in Japan is organized at National, Prefectural and Village level.
- main features:
- it functions through the agency of a Department of Agriculture and has no direct connection with research organisation.
- Extension is done by a team of experts.
- Extension is essentially a prefectural subject, with financial aid from the National Government under specific conditions.
- Extension is entirely educational and democratic with no coercive approach.

12/07/2020

Historical Development of Extension Internationally

USA -
1. In USA the first agricultural society was established in Philadelphia in 1875.
2. To stop the migration of rural people to cities President Roosevelt established County commission in 1862.
3. To keep rural people in rural areas "Out of school education" should be given to them, for this Philadelphia committee was signed.
5. Land Grant College came into existence as a part of Morill Act 1862. The act was passed under the presidency of Abraham Lincoln.
6. Experimental stations came into existence as a part of "Hatch Act 1887".
7. Seed Corn trains were organised at Iowa in 1904 by Prof. Holden.
8. Extension service in USA is known as Cooperative Extension service.
9. Cooperative extension service came as a consequence of Smith liver act in 1914. It is a branch of Land - grant institution.
10. Cooperative extension service of USA is composed of Federal services and basic unit for extension service in state.
11. Farm Demonstration work started in 1903 under Dr. Seaman A Knapp.
12. Journal of extension published from USA.
13. 'National Grange' is one of the oldest farmer organisations working in USA.
14. County is the extension unit in USA.
15. 4H club: founded by O H Benson.
Motto- to make better best.
Pledge was written by Otis Hall.
National club center Washington.
Colours: Green and white
Age group of members: 10-20 years
4H means:
Head- to clear thinking
Heart- to greater loyalty
Hands- to larger service
Health- to better living.

08/07/2020

*Extension is a communication intervention according to- N Rolling.
*Extension when aims at empowering or uplifting the poor - Emancipatory extension.
*Extension that emphasize on human resource development - Formative extension.
* Extension when used as a policy instrument for achieving societal objective - Persuasive extension.
* Extension that moves beyond the traditional crop production techlogies to include all land based activi: Broad based extension.
*Extension as an instrument for helping people to make well considered choices: Informative extension.
*The use of computer in technology transfer: Cyber extension.

04/07/2020

Extension in different languages:
* Dutch word -"Voorlitching" - lighting the pathway ahead to help people find their way.
* Indonesia word- " Penyuluhan" - Give illumination in the dark(torch).
* Malaysian word " Perkembangan" - Extension.
*German word "Berating"- Advisory work( expert giving advice but leaving the final responsibility).
* German word " Aufklarung" - Enlightenment.
* German word " Erziehung" - Education
* Austrian " Forfeiting" - Furthering ( stimulating one to go in a desirable direction).
*Korean term " rural guidance"- stimulating one to go in a desirable direction.
*Spanish word " capacitation" - Capacity building or training.

04/07/2020

Mildred Horton(1952) proposed the four great principles of extension service -
1. The individual is supreme in democracy.
2. The home is the fundamental unit of civilization.
3. The family is the first training group of the human race.
4. The foundation of any permanent civilization must rest on the partnership of man and the land.

04/07/2020

Education is production of desirable change in knowledge (things known), attitude (things felt), and skills (things done), either in all (or) one or more of human behaviour.
Types of education:
Formal education- Highly institutionalised, chronologically graded, hierarchically structured.
Informal education- life long process, person learn from daily experience and exposure.
Non- formal education- carried on outside the school boundary.

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