Boost Up Classes

"The smallest minority on earth is the individual. Those who deny individual rights cannot claim to be defenders of minorities."
-Ayn Rand

"I will do nothing because of public opinion, but everything because of conscience." — Seneca

Tributes to "Lokmanya" Bal Gangadhar Tilak on his birth anniversary.

He was popularly known as "The father of the Indian unrest" by colonial rulers.

He was one of the first and strongest advocates of Swaraj ('self-rule').

"Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it!".

Imp. Articles 📝

[Vitamins]

[Sanskrit]

Sanskrit began to come into epigraphic use only
in the first century B.C with oldest Sanskrit
inscriptions, namely, Ayodhya, Ghosundi and
Hathibada stone inscriptions.
• The earliest of the Sanskrit inscriptions from
Mathura are probably those of the time of the
Ksatrapa Sodasa, who is dated with reasonable
certainty to the early years of the first century
A.D.
• The Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman,
the greatest king of the second Western
Ksatrapa line of Castana, was written shortly
after A.D. 150 and represents a turning point in
the history of epigraphic Sanskrit.
- This is the first long inscription recorded
entirely in more or less standard Sanskrit, as
well as the first extensive record in the
poetic style.
- It was during the reign of the early Gupta
emperors in the fourth century A.D. that
Sanskrit was finally established as the
epigraphic language par excellence of the
Indian world.
• The turning point appears in the inscriptions of
Samudragupta (middle to late fourth century),
especially the Allahabad pillar inscription, which,
despite a few trivial orthographic irregularities, is
often held up as a model of high classical literary
style of the mixed prose and verse (campu) class.

A***n Invasion theory:-

According to theory by British archaeologist
Mortimer Wheeler, a nomadic, Indo-European
tribe (Steppe pastoralists or from Anatolian
and Iranian farmers), called the A***ns,
suddenly overwhelmed and conquered the
Indus River Valley, causing the decline of Indus
Valley civilization.
• He posited that many unburied corpses found
in the top levels of the Mohenjo-Daro
archaeological site were victims of war.
• The theory suggested that by using horses and
more advanced weapons against the peaceful
Harappan people, the A***ns may have easily
defeated them.
• Evidence from Rig Veda:
- The Rig Veda time and again refers to the
fortresses of the Dasas and Dasyus. The
Vedic god Indra is called; 'Purandara'
meaning 'the destroyer of forts'.
- The geographical area of the habitation of
the Rig Vedic A***ns included the Punjab
and the Ghaggar-Hakra region.
- Since there are no remains of other
cultural groups having forts in this area in
this historical phase, Wheeler believed
that it was the Harappan cities that were
being described in the Rig Veda.
- In fact, the Rig Veda mentions a place
called Hariyupiya. This place was located
on the bank of the river Ravi. The A***ns
fought a battle here. The name of the place
sounds very similar to that of Harappa.
- These evidences led Wheeler to conclude
that it was the A***n invaders who
destroyed the cities of Harappa.