16/03/2024
Ink & Insight of Reading English Poetry
(ISBN 979-8892336840)
(Best for English Honours/ M. A./ UGC NET/ SET/ UPSC)
Immerse yourself in the art of English poetry with our insightful collection. From the rhythmic verses to the profound meanings, experience the beauty of language that transcends time. Enhance your poetic sensibilities and find inspiration in every line.
Chapter Page
Chapter: 1 Introduction 16-17
Inks and Insights: Reading of English Poetry
Criticism
Old English Poetry
Middle English Poetry
Renaissance Poetry
The 17th Century Poetry
The 18th-Century Poetry
Romantic Poetry
Victorian Poetry: A Reflection of Social Change
Modern Poetry
Pan-World English Poetry: A Global Symphony of Voices
Conclusion
Chapter 2. Critical Theories 18-53
2.1. What is Poetry?
2.1.1. How to Define a Poem?
2.1.2. The Study of Aesthetics and Creativity: How do Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle Differ?
2.2. Classifications and Genres of Poetry:
2.2.1. Classification, Analysis, and Discussions on Various Genres of Poetry
2.2.2. Kinds of Poetry: Narrative, Lyric, and Dramatic
2.2.3. Poetic Term: Prosody, Metre, Terza Rima, Renaissance, Reformation, Wordsworthian Definition of Poetry, Poetic Justice, Epic, Mock Epic, Sonnet, Ode, Elegy, Ballad
2.3. Styles and Movements:
2.3.1. The most important styles and movements in English poetry, along with their key features:
Old English Poetry (5th-11th centuries)
Medieval Poetry (1100-1500)
Renaissance Poetry (1500-1660)
Neoclassical Poetry (1660-1798)
Romantic Poetry (1798-1850)
Victorian Poetry (1850-1900)
Modern Poetry (20th century)
Postmodern Poetry (1960-present)
2.3.2. Famous Literary Movements
a. Renaissance:
b. Reformation:
c. Augustan Neoclassicism and “Mock-epic”
d. Romanticism (18th-19th centuries)
e. Realism
f. Modernism
g. Postmodernism
2.4. Elements and Techniques:
2.4.1. How to Analyze a Poem: Technicality & Ethics
2.4.2. Figure of Speech - Figures of Resemblance or Similarity
2.4.3. Horace’s "Ars Poetica": Horace’s Concept of Decorum
2.4.4. Theory and Criticism: Aristotle on Imitation in Poetry - Comparison with Plato’s View
2.5. Interdisciplinary Connections:
2.5.1. The Relationship between Poetry and Music as Stated in Plato’s "Republic"
Chapter 3. Old English Period 54-67
3.1. Introduction to Old English Poetry
3.1.1. Manuscript
3.2. Anglo-Saxon Elegiac Poetry:
3.2.1. The Wanderer
3.2.2. The Seafarer
3.2.3. Deor's Lament
3.3. Anglo-Saxon Heroic Poetry
3.3.1. Beowulf
3.3.2. Other Heroic poems
3.4. Anglo-Saxon Religious Poetry
3.4.1. Caedmon
3.4.2. Cynewulf
Chapter 4. Exploring Middle English Poetry 68-91
4.1. Main Features of Middle English Poetry
4.2. Alliterative Poems of Middle English Period
4.2.1. Alliterative Gems: 'Pearl,' 'Purity,' 'Patience,' 'Sir Gawain'
4.2.2. Exploring the common threads and distinct features of key alliterative poems.
4.2.3. Recognizing the thematic and stylistic nuances that define this literary period.
4.3. Visionary Allegory in William Langland's Work
4.3.1. "The Vision of William Concerning Piers the Plowman": Introducing Langland's visionary and allegorical masterpiece.
4.3.2. The themes and allegorical layers embedded in the narrative.
4.4. Chaucer: Chronicler and Poet of His Time
4.4.1. Why is Chaucer Important in the History of English Literature?
4.4.2. Politics Motivated Chaucer in His Writing: Political Career
4.4.3. Chaucer as a Chronicler of His Time with Special Reference to ‘The Canterbury Tales’
4.4.4. Dissecting the Political Elements, Themes, Linguistic Capabilities, and Unique Style in Chaucer’s "The Canterbury Tales"
4.4.5. Geoffrey Chaucer's "The Parliament of Fowls" : Theme, Style , Story and Criticism
4.5. Diverse Landscape of Middle English Poetry
4.5.1. Religious and Didactic Poetry: A Moral and Educational Journey
4.5.2. Journeying through religious and didactic poems like Ormulum, Cursor Mundi, and others.
4.5.3. Middle English Metrical Romance
4.6. Post Chaucerian Barrenness in English Literature
Chapter 5: 16th and 17th Century English Poetry 92-224
(Renaissance & Restoration)
5.1. Introduction
5.1.1. Overview of the Historical Context
5.1.2. Transition from Renaissance to the Early Modern Period
5.1.3. Significance of Poetry in Cultural Expression
5.2. The Elizabethan Era (1558–1603)
5.2.1. Influence of the Court and Queen Elizabeth I
5.2.2. Rise of Sonnet Sequences
5.2.2.1. Sonnet- A Brief History of Its Journey
5.2.2.2. Elizabethan Sonnet Sequence Masters in Details
a. Sonnets of Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey
b.“Astrophil and Stella” by Sir Philip Sidney
c.“The Poet’s Poet”: Edmund Spenser
d.Michael Drayton’s “Ideas’s Mirrors”
e.Samuel Daneil’ "Delia"
f. Shakespearean Sonnets
i. Are Shakespearean Sonnets a Psychological Drama in Five Acts?
ii.Early sonnets are related to the early plays and later ones are akin to the dark comedies or tragedies
iii.Originality , Technique , Tradition , Convention , Dramatic Elements and Style of Shakespearean Sonnets
iv.Master the Problem of Time in His Sonnets
v.Intricacies of Identity Unveiling the Human Psyche and the Eternal Search for Authenticity
vi.Mr. W. H.: What Attempts have been made to Determine the Identity of “Mr. W. H.”?
vii.The Dark Lady— Mysterious World of Shakespeare’s Sonnets
viii.William Shakespeare's First 30 Sonnets Analysis: A Panacea for the Poet’s Emotional Distress
ix.William Shakespeare's Extraordinary Lyrical Talent: Songs within his Dramas
5.2.3. Metaphysical Poetry
5.2.3.1.Metaphysical Poetry: Examine Major Metaphysical Poets
5.2.3.2. John Donne and the Metaphysical Conceit
5.2.3.3. George Herbert's Devotional Poetry
5.3. Jacobean and Caroline Poetry (1603–1649)
5.3.1. Political Turmoil and its Impact on Poetry
5.3.2. Cavalier Poets
1. Carew, Lovelace, and Suckling
5.3.3. Metaphysical Poets Continued
1. Andrew Marvell and "To His Coy Mistress"
2. Henry Vaughan's Mystical Poetry
5.4. The Interregnum: Poetry during the Commonwealth (1649–1660)
5.4.1. Puritan Influence on Literary Expression
5.4.2. Emergence of Religious and Didactic Poetry
1. John Milton's "Paradise Lost"
5.5. The Restoration Period (1660–1700)
5.5.1. Return of the Monarchy and Charles II
5.5.2. Restoration Comedy and Satire
1. John Dryden and "Absalom and Achitophel"
5.5.3. Royal Society and Scientific Influence on Poetry
1. Abraham Cowley and Scientific Themes
5.6. Concluding Thoughts
5.6.1. Legacy of 16th and 17th Century English Poetry
5.6.2. Transition to the Augustan Age
5.6.3. Impact on Later Literary Movements
Chapter 6: 18th Century English Poetry 225-268
6.1. Introduction to the 18th Century Poetry
6.1.1. Overview of the 18th Century Literary Landscape
6.1.2. Social and Cultural Context
6.2. Alexander Pope: The Satirical Master
6.2.1. Life and Background of Alexander Pope
6.2.2. Satirical Poetry in the Augustan Age
6.2.3. Analyzing Pope's Major Works
6.3. William Blake: Visionary Romanticism
6.3.1. William Blake's Life and Artistic Vision
6.3.2. Exploring the Mystical and Romantic Elements
6.3.3. Metrical Skill:
6.3.4. Blake's Influence on Nineteenth-Century Poets:
6.3.5. Symbolism :
6.3.6. Key Themes in Blake's Poetry
6.3.7. Key Works of Blake
6.4. William Collins: The Odes and Elegies
6.4.1. Biographical Sketch of William Collins
6.4.2. The Odes: Aesthetic Beauty and Melancholy
6.4.3. Elegies: Themes of Mortality and Loss
6.5. William Cowper: Nature, Morality, and Evangelicalism
6.5.1. Understanding William Cowper's Life and Influences
6.5.2. Nature Poetry and the Evangelical Spirit
6.5.3. Examining Cowper's Engagement with Morality
6.6. Thomas Gray: Elegy, Ode, and the Sublime
6.6.1. Biography of Thomas Gray
6.6.2. The Elegy in a Country Churchyard: Reflections on Life and Death
6.6.3. Odes and the Sublime in Gray's Poetry
6.7. Comparative Analysis: Themes and Styles
6.7.1. Contrasting Themes Across the Poets
6.7.2. Stylistic Variances and Influences
6.7.3. Interconnected Ideas in 18th Century Poetry
6.8. Literary and Cultural Impact of 18th Century Poetry
6.8.1. Legacy of the Augustan Age
6.8.2. Influence on Later Literary Movements
6.8.3. Critical Reception and Contemporary Significance
6.9. Conclusion
6.9.1. Summarizing the Diverse Contributions
6.9.2. Relevance of 18th Century Poetry in Modern Context
Chapter 7: The Romantic Pantheon 269-344
7.1. Introduction:
7.1.1. William Wordsworth: The Poet of Nature
7.1.2. Lyrical Ballads: Revolutionising Poetic Expression
7.1.3. Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Dreams and Imagination
7.1.4. Lord Byron: The Rebel Poet
7.1.5. Percy Bysshe Shelley: Radical Visionary
7.1.6. John Keats: Aesthetics of Beauty and Transience
7.1.7. Conclusion: The Harmonious Symphony
7.2 Features of Romantic Poetry:
7.2.1. What is Romanticism?
a. Emphasis on Emotion and Individualism:
b. Connection with Nature:
c. Imagination and Creativity:
d. Symbolism and Allegory:
e. Rejection of Classical Forms:
f. Celebration of the Common Man:
g. Exploration of the Supernatural and Gothic:
h. Contemplation of the Sublime:
i. Expression of Social Critique:
j. Fusion of Poetry and Music:
7.2.2. Critical Purview of Romanticism:
A. A Radical Departure:
B. Nature's Enchanting Embrace:
7.2.3. Master Artists and Their Shaping Influences:
a. William Wordsworth
b. Samuel Taylor Coleridge
c. George Gordon, Lord Byron
d. P. B. Shelley
e. John Keats
7.3. Wordsworth's Poetic Prelude:
7.3.1. Biographical Sketch: Unravelling the life of Wordsworth and its influence on his poetic vision
7.3.2. Nature's Reverie: Examining Wordsworth's emphasis on nature as a source of inspiration and spiritual connection.
7.3.3. Lyrical Ballads: A deep dive into the collaborative venture with Coleridge and the revolutionary impact of this poetic experiment.
7.3.4. William Wordsworth: Nature’s Prophet and Priest
a. Wordsworth's Poetic Vision: Nature's Divine Influence on the Human Soul
b. The Epiphany of the Natural World
c. A Divine Communion
d. Nature's Healing Balm
e. Awakening the Prophetic Voice
7.3.5. Theory of “Emotion Recollected in Tranquility”
7.3.6. On Rustic Characters and Their Language
Let’s Read:
1. "The Prelude"
(Autobiographical Elements; Childhood Experiences; Nature’s Influences)
2. Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood
3. "The Solitary Reaper"
4. "Lyrical Ballads": Preface
5. "Tintern Abbey"
7.4. Coleridge's Dreams and Imagination:
7.4.1. Biographical Context: Tracing Coleridge's life and its intersection with his imaginative pursuits.
7.4.2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge: The Exponent of Romantic Poetry , Critic and Philosopher
7.4.3. S. T. Coleridge's Definition of Metre
Lets Read
1. "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner"
2. “Kubla Khan”
3. "Christabel"
4. Comparative Study: William Wordsworth’s ‘Tintern Abbey’ and Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s ‘Christabel’
7.5. Byron: The Rebel Poet:
7.5.1. Byronic Hero: Investigating Lord Byron's iconic literary archetype and its manifestation in his works.
7.5.2. Childe Harold's Pilgrimage: Exploring Byron's reflections on travel, identity, and the poetic persona.
7.5.3. Don Juan: Analysing the satirical and narrative elements of Byron's ambitious and unfinished masterpiece.
Let’s Read:
"On the Castle of Chillon"
7.6. Shelley's Radical Vision:
7.6.1. Biographical Elements: Unraveling the tumultuous life of Percy Bysshe Shelley and its impact on his radical worldview.
7.6.2. Prometheus Unbound: Delving into Shelley's utopian and revolutionary exploration of freedom and human potential.
7.6.3. Ode to the West Wind: Examining the elemental force as a metaphor for poetic inspiration and societal change.
a. P.B. Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind and the Poet's Revolutionary Vision
b. The Mighty West Wind: A Catalyst for Revolution and Renewal
c. "The Decaying Multitudes: Symbolic Leaf Fall and Societal Degeneration in Shelley's 'Ode to the West Wind'
d. Clouds and Chaos: Shelley's Vivid Imagery and Supernatural Allusions in 'Ode to the West Wind'
e. The Harmonious Strife: Structure and Language in Shelley's Ode to the West Wind
f. Harnessing the Storm: Shelley's Revolutionary Imagery and Language in "Ode to the West Wind"
7.6.4. Lyrical Faculty in P. B. Shelley’s Poetry
7.6.5. Criticism: Percy Bysshe Shelley's "A Defence of Poetry
Let’s Read:
1. "The Cloud"
2. "Adonais"
3. "To a Skylark"
4. "THE MOON"
7.7. Keats and the Aesthetics of Beauty:
7.7.1. Life Cut Short: Understanding the tragically brief life of John Keats and its influence on his poetry.
7.7.2. John Keats’ Style and Image: The Magic of Verbal Perfection
7.7.3. John Keats Saw Beauty in All Things
7.7.4. Odes of Beauty and Transience
Let’s Read:
1. “Endymion”
2. ‘La Belle Dame Sans Merci’
3. "Ode To Autumn"
4. "On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer"
5."To One Who Has Been Long in City Pent"
6. “Bright Star”
7. "Ode to the Grecian Urn"
8. "Ode To A Nightingale"
9. "Ode on Melancholy"
7.8. Conclusion:
Chapter 8: Echoes of the Victorian Zeitgeist 345-401
8.1. Introduction:
Major Victorian Poets and Their Contributions in the History of English Literature:
A Quick Recap & Few Others
Intricate Interplay Between Tradition and Innovation:
8.2. Features of Victorian Poetry:
8.3. Is Victorian Poetry a Continuation of the Romantic Movement?
8.3.1. Doubts and Disbelief in the Religious Authority of the Church:
8.3.2. Challenging Stern Moral Earnestness:
8.3.3. Aesthetic Pleasure:
8.3.4. Symbolism for Direct Statement:
8.4. Tennyson's Idyllic Lyricism:
8.4.1. Biographical Sketch: Unraveling the Life of Tennyson
8.4.2. "The Lady of Shalott": Analyzing Tennyson's Use of Arthurian Legend
8.4.3. "In Memoriam": Delving into the Elegiac and Philosophical Dimensions
"Ring Out, Wild Bells" (part of In Memoriam): An Elegiac Poem on Arthur Henry Hallam and General Reference
8.4.4. Lord Tennyson’s "Ulysses":
8.4.5. Narrative Skill with Reference to ‘Morte d' Arthur’
8.4.6. "Tithonus": Contrast Between Youth and Age, and Love and Death
8.4.7. "Crossing the Bar" : Spiritual Discourse on the Aftermath of Life
8.4.8."Break, Break, Break" : A sea elegy on the death of his university friend Arthur Henry Hallum
8.4.9. "The Lotos-Eaters"
8.4.10. Critical Overview of Lord Tennyson as (a) Representative Poet (b) Artist, (c) Poet of Nature (d) Thinker
8.5. Browning's Dramatic Monologues:
8.5.1. Biographical Context: Tracing Browning's Life and Exploring Human Psychology
8.5.2. "My Last Duchess": Analysing Browning's Use of Dramatic Monologue
8.5.3. "The Ring and the Book": Examining the Epic Narrative Structure and Moral Inquiry
8.5.4. Robert Browning’s Treatment of Human Psychology and Attitude to Life Reflected in: "Two in the Campagna" and "The Laboratory"
8.5.5. "Meeting at Night”: Serious Theme of Love in Quite Dramatic Way
8.5.6. "Rabbi Ben Ezra": Deep and Profound Philosophy
8.5.7. Victorian poetry with special reference to Lord Tennyson and Robert Browning
8.6. Arnold's Cultural Critique:
8.6.1. Life and Times: Understanding Matthew Arnold's Background
8.6.2. Nature And Her Description That You Can Learn From Mathew Arnold’s Poetry : How far Removed from William Wordsworth?
8.6.3. Matthew Arnold’s Views on Poetry in "Study of Poetry"
8.6.4. "Dover Beach": Exploring Arnold's Introspective Meditation
8.6.5. "Culture and Anarchy": Analysing Arnold's Critical Essays
8.7. Rossetti's Pre-Raphaelite Vision:
8.7.1. Artistic Milieu: Immersing in Rossetti's Connection with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
8.7.2. "Goblin Market": Examining Narrative and Symbolic Elements
8.7.3. "The Blessed Damozel": Analysing Visual and Poetic Fusion
8.7.4. ‘The Choice-I’ from "The House of Life": Celebrates Love and Relationship of D. G. Rossetti and Elizabeth Siddal
8.8. Peeping through Other Great Poetry:
8.8.1. Thomas Hardy (1840-1928):
"In Time of The Breaking of Nations" : Glorious Triumph of Love and Life
"The Darkling Thrush"
8.8.2. Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844-1889)
"Pied Beauty": The Devotional Element
‘Thou art indeed Just, Lord, if I contend’
8.8.3. Emily (Jane) Brontë (1818-1848)
"The Old Stoic": Emily Brontë's Quest for Emotional Liberation
8.9. Conclusion:
Chapter 9: Echoes of the 20th Century Verse 402-477
9.1. Introduction:
9.2. Features of 20th-Century Poetry
A. Innovative Forms:
B. Socio-Cultural Engagement:
C. Confessional Poetry:
D. Multifaceted Voices:
E. Modernist Experimentation:
F. Visual Imagery and Symbolism:
G. Cultural and Political Critique:
H. Integration of Music and Rhythm:
I. Existential and Philosophical Explorations:
9.3. Ted Hughes' Poetry
9.3.1. Nature and the Environment: Ted Hughes and the Poetic Landscape
9.3.2. "My Own True Family" as an Ecocritical Poem
9.3.3. "Hawk Roosting": Animal Poem Depicting Violence and Brutality
9.4. Plath's Ariel and the Inner Turmoil:
9.4.1. Biographical Context:
9.4.2. Plath’s Poems: Combination of Vision, Nightmare, Confession and Subjectivity
9.4.3. Ariel:
Themes of Identity and Oppression:
9.5. Thomas's Poetic Alchemy:
9.5.1. Life in the Welsh Hills:
9.5.2. Under Milk Wood:
9.5.3. Poetic Reveries:
9.5.4. ‘Poem in October’ Follows the ‘Grammar of Dreams’: Way of Construction of Sentences in the Poem
9.5.5. "Poem in October" Celebrates “The Unity of Man and Nature, of Past and Present, of Life and Death”
9.6. Yeats and the Gyres of History:
9.6.1. The Irish Context:
9.6.2. The Tower:
9.6.3. Mysticism and Symbolism:
9.6.4. The Last Romantic: W. B. Yeats, Inspired by a Profound Romantic Urge
9.6.5. Political Poetry of W. B. Yeats: Production of Illuminating Poetic Collections
9.6.6. W. B. Yeats’s Poetry: Analysis of Organic Development and Growth
9.6.7. "Sailing to Byzantium": Voyage of the Inner Spiritual Essence into the Wisdom and Freedom
9.6.8. “The Wild Swans at Coole”
9.6.9. "The Lake Isle of Innisfree": Prompted by Homesickness
9.6.10. "No Second Troy" as a Love Poem
9.7. Eliot and the Wasteland of Modernity:
9.7.1. The Modernist Landscape:
9.7.2. The Waste Land:
9.7.3. Cultural Despair and Redemption:
9.7.4. Thomas Sterns Eliot’s "The Waste Land": Brief Comments on Thematic Unity
9.7.5. "The Waste Land": The Poem That We Should Keep In Mind Before Attending Modern Materialistic Civilization
9.7.6. T. S. Eliot's “The Hollow Men”: Cyclic Events in Human History both in Tautology and Monologue
9.7.7. Critical Appreciation of T. S. Eliot’s "Preludes" :The Rottenness, the Corruption and Decadence of Contemporary Society
9.8. Pound's Imagism and Cantos:
A. Imagist Manifesto:
B. The Cantos:
C. Political Engagement:
9. 9. Social Critique: Auden's Pen as a Mirror to Society
9. 9. 1. The Age of Anxiety: Auden's Reflections on Modernity
9. 9. 2. September 1, 1939: Echoes of a World in Turmoil
9. 9. 3. The Unknown Citizen: Conformity and Dehumanization
9. 9. 4. Equality and Justice: Auden's Poetic Advocacy
9. 9. 4. Cntemporary Voices: Carrying Auden's Torch
9.10. The Echoes of War: A Haunting Legacy
9.10.1. The Impact of World Wars: Echoes of Trauma in the Verses of Owen and Sassoon
9.10.2. Wilfred Owen: A Bard of the Trenches
9.10.3. Siegfried Sassoon: The War Poet's Rebellion
9.10.3. The Shell-Shocked Psyche: Unraveling the Emotional Landscape
9.10.5. Legacy and Reflection: Contemporary Responses to War Poetry
9.11. The Beat Generation Influence: Jazz Rhythms in British Verses
9.11. 1. Allen Ginsberg: Howling Against Conformity
9.11.2. The Spontaneous Verse: British Poets in Beat Harmony
9.11. 3. Beyond Words: Visual and Sound Experiments
9.11. 4. The Legacy: Contemporary Echoes of Beat Resonance
9.12. Cultural Identity: Navigating the Mosaic of Modern Britain in Verse
9.12.1. Celebrating Heritage: The Poetic Odes to Identity
9.12. 2. Interrogating Roots: Poetry as a Mirror for Self-Reflection
9.12. 3. The Migrant Experience: Voices of Displacement and Belonging
9.12. 4. Multicultural Dialogues: Voices in Conversation
9.12. 5. Beyond Borders: Global Influences in British Verse
9.13. Experimentation with Form: Poetry as a Playground of Innovation
9.13.1. T.S. Eliot's Modernist Puzzle: The Wasteland and Beyond
9.13.2. E.E. Cummings: The Maverick of Syntax and Typography
9.13.3. Concrete Poetry: Beyond the Traditional Page
9.13.4. Soundscapes and Rhythmic Innovations
9.13.5. Contemporary Explorations: Hybrid Forms and Multimodal Expression
9.14. Feminist Voices: Reshaping the Poetic Landscape
9.14.1. Sylvia Plath: Confronting the Bell Jar of Patriarchy
9.14.2. Carol Ann Duffy: The Laureate of Modern Femininity
9.14.3. Breaking the Mold: Feminist Perspectives in Verse
9.14.4. Intersectionality: Voices beyond the Binary
9.14.5. The Poetic Manifesto: Empowerment and Advocacy
9.15. Conclusion: A Collage of Voices in British Poetry
Chapter 10: Beyond Britannia's Verse 478-494
10.1. Introduction to Global Voices
10.2. American Voices: A Symphony of Poetic Expression
10.3. African Rhythms and Rhymes: Echoes of Tradition in English Verse
10.4. Asian Elegance: From Haikus to Ghazals
10.5. Caribbean Melodies in Words: Harmony of Vibrant Verses
10.6. Oceanic Perspectives: Waves of Poetry from Oceania
10.7. Middle Eastern Poetic Tapestry: Bridging Ancient Traditions and Modern Expression
10.8. South American Sonnets and Beyond: Navigating Language and Identity in English Poetry
References 495-498
Index 499-500
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