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HAPPY EID MUBARAK

John Robert Vane
English biochemist, who shared the 1982 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (with Sune K. Bergström and Bengt Ingemar Samuelsson of Sweden) for their isolation, identification, and analysis of prostaglandins. In 1971, Vane discovered how aspirin's effect was to block the formation of the prostaglandins involved in pain, fever, and inflammation. Further, a relatively small dose (75 mg/day) prevents blood clotting and lessen heart attacks, strokes and leg thromboses. In 1976, he discovered prostacyclin, a blood-vessel dilating prostaglandin that inhibits blood-clotting. His discoveries led to the Ace inhibitors, a new class of drugs giving life-saving benefits to patients with pulmonary hypertension, and new treatments for heart disease.

Victor Mills
American chemical engineer who invented Pampers disposable diapers. He joined Proctor& Gamble company in 1926, and soon after developed a continuous process to superheat the liquid soap and spray it in concentrated form through an extruder producing bars of Ivory soap. That cut the production time from seven days to just a couple of hours. He improved Duncan Hines cake mixes by passing ingredients through large milling drums designed to polish aluminum foil but made the finished cake less lumpy. He developed a process for preventing the oil from separating in Jif peanut butter. His invention of disposable diapers as a product was created to utilize the clean, absorbent paper available from a pulp mill acquired by the company.

Pierre Weiss
French physicist who investigated magnetism and determined the Weiss magneton unit of magnetic moment. Weiss's chief work was on ferromagnetism. Hypothesizing a molecular magnetic field acting on individual atomic magnetic moments, he was able to construct mathematical descriptions of ferromagnetic behaviour, including an explanation of such magnetocaloric phenomena as the Curie point. His theory succeeded also in predicting a discontinuity in the specific heat of a ferromagnetic substance at the Curie point and suggested that spontaneous magnetization could occur in such materials; the latter phenomenon was later found to occur in very small regions known as Weiss domains. His major published work was Le magnetisme ( 1926).

Robert C. Gallo
American scientist who co-discovered (1984) the virus responsible for AIDS - human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The French scientist Luc Montagnier independently found the same virus in 1983, but did link it with AIDS. Gallo developed the HIV blood test. Then health care workers could for the first time screen for the AIDS virus, both to protect blood transfusion stocks, and also to permit faster diagnosis of patients. Gallo continued to research therapies for those infected with HIV. In 1996, he discovered a natural compound - chemokines - can block the HIV virus and arrest the progression of AIDS. After 30 years at the National Cancer Institute, in 1996 he became head of the new Institute of Virology.

Walter Gilbert
American molecular biologist who was awarded a share (with Paul Berg and Frederick Sanger) of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1980 for his development of a method for determining the sequence of nucleotide links in the chainlike molecules of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Everything from bacteria up, he says, with the exception of some viruses, shares some similar DNA. There are many genes, in many species, that create proteins that have the same biochemical function. In some cases, those genes are identical; sometimes they're very similar. Thus, all living things probably trace back to a single ancestral DNA. Whereas many human genes are similar to those in other life forms, each species evolved enough unique genes to distinguish itself.

Erwin Neher
German physicist, who shared (with Bert Sakmann) the 1991 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine “for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells”. The channels are the route by which ions (charged atoms) can pass through the membrane that surrounds the cell. To measure the miniscule electrical currents (in the picoampere range, 10-12A) involved, Neher and Sakmann developed a unique method that tracks how a single channel molecule alters its shape and in that way controls the flow of current within a time frame of a few millionths of a second. The regulation of ion channels influences the life of the cell and its functions under normal and pathological conditions.