Buddham Edutech

Number System:

Number system is the method of writing digits or symbols to represent numbers.
Types of Numbers:

- Natural Number: Numbers that we use for counting are natural numbers. Natural numbers are cardinal (basic) numbers from which other numbers can be made.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ..... are Natural Numbers.

0 is not a natural number.

- Whole Number: Numbers without fractions are whole numbers. In easy language, zero and all natural numbers are whole numbers.

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ..... are Whole Numbers.

(0 & Natural Numbers are whole numbers)

- Integer: An integer is a number with no decimal or fractional part. Integers are the set of negative and positive numbers including zero (0).

-7, -6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ..... are Integers.

(Negative numbers & Whole numbers are Integers.)

- Rational Number: A number that can be written in the form of p/q (where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0).

-3/4, 0/2, 1/2, 1/4..... are Rational Numbers.

(Decimal numbers are also Rational numbers, as they can be written in the form of p/q. Example: 0.5 is a rational number, as it can be written as 5/10)

[Note: Rational numbers do not include square root of a number.]

-Written by Santosh Mishra (Mathematics Faculty Member, Buddham Edutech)

Number System Buddham Edutech

Flaws in Reasoning:
Flaws are defects or fallacies in somebody's logic. In other words, flaws are questionable or wrong assumptions in a writer's/ a speaker's line of reasoning.

When a writer/ a speaker presents his/ her argument, he/ she makes a claim, and gives some premise(s) or logic to support his/ her claim. Sometimes, a writer/ a speaker misinterprets the available premise(s)/ evidence(s), or attaches personal bias to the available premise(s)/ evidence(s). This makes his reasoning flawed or erroneous.

In various competitive examinations, there are questions of critical reasoning in which candidates are expected to expose the flaws in an author's reasoning. Even in day-to-day interaction with people, one can realize that people at times make flawed argument. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to detect the flaws in reasoning, and to understand the nature of flaws.

Types of Flaws:
These are some of the flaws that we see in arguments.

1. Generalisation: Here, an author draws a sweeping statement or a very broad claim on the basis of the limited data that he/ she has.

2. Confusion between coincidence and causation: Here, an author considers a coincidence to be causation. Coincidence is something that happens by chance, whereas causation means logical cause-effect relation.

3. Invalid assumption: Here, an author relates two things which have no connection.

4. Unrepresentative/ irrelevant data: Here, data presented by an author is either incomplete or irrelevant and from this data, the author tries to make convincing argument. But a careful thinking will enable us to understand the irrelevance.

5. 'Only this' fallacy: Here, an author offers only a single explanation for something that has happened. or he/ she suggests a single course of action for a complex problem, assuming that one change/ one action is enough to sort out the problem.

6. Assuming that time is constant: Here, an author considers that what was true earlier is true even now, assuming that time has not changed.

7. Weak analogy: Here, an author erroneously compares two dissimilar individuals or things or situations.

Flaws in Reasoning Buddham Edutech

What is Context?

The word 'context' comes from the root words con means together and texere means to weave. So, joining both, we get weaving together. The context means a background or a setting which is attached to the actual information that one intends to give. When someone says, "I am busy today.", it means the main information is: I am busy, and the context is: today.

As a context is the environment or setting in which something exists or happens, this means by adding context to our information, we intend to convey that what we are speaking is true for the given context. Means, a text should be understood in a context.

More specifically, a context is the place or the time of an event.

- People of various religions live in India. (the text is: People of various religions live, and the context is: in India. Here, 'in India' shows the place of the event.)

- India got freedom in 1947. (the text is: India got freedom, and the context is: in 1947. Here, 'in 1947' shows the time of the event.)

- Covid has killed many people in India in 2020 and 2021. (the text is: Covid has killed many people, and the contexts are: in India' and 'in 2020 and 2021. Here, 'in India' shows the place of the event whereas, 'in 2020 and 2021' shows the time of the event.)

When we give emphasis on the context rather than the text, we place context in the beginning of a sentence.

Examples:

- In India, people of various religions live.

- In 1947, India got freedom.

What is Context? Buddham Edutech

Mass Nouns:
A mass noun or uncountable noun shows quantity. It should not be counted, as it is treated as undifferentiated unit.
Some of these nouns are as follows:

Advice

Bread

Furniture

Homework

Information

Luggage

Machinery

Scenery

Soap

Work

[Note: These nouns do not take an indefinite article 'a' or 'an'. And they have no plural form.]

Mass Nouns Buddham Edutech

Confusing words: Veracious, Voracious, Vivacious, Vicarious, & Vociferous-
There are some words which are very confusing. Some students often forget the meaning of these words or they get confused and take one word for another, as these words look very similar.
But, a bit of care will help you differentiate these words. You can easily recall them, if you try to understand the root word for each of these. Let us learn how these words are different.

Veracious (derived from the root word VERUS means truth): truthful

Voracious (derived from the root word VORARE means to eat greedily): greedy, eating or wanting in large amount

Vivacious (derived from the root word VIVERE means to live): full of energy, full of life

Vicarious (derived from the root word VICIS means alternation, change): indirect, second hand, felt or experienced indirectly by watching or listening others, rather than through first hand experience.

Vociferous (derived from the root word VOX/ VOCI means voice): loud and confident

Usage:

- He is a veracious reporter, so you can trust his reports.

- He is a voracious eater, so you can find him eating all the time.

- You would love to read his novels, as he has a vivacious manner of writing.

- When we do not really experience anything directly, we seek vicarious pleasure.

- The umpire gave the batsman out, as there was a vociferous appeal for lbw.

Confusing words: Veracious, Voracious, Vivacious, Vicarious, & Vociferous Buddham Edutech

Cut- Cut- Cut:
There are some verbs which have the same form.
The present, the past and the past participle forms of the following verbs remain unchanged:

Present Form Past Form Past Participle Form

Bet Bet Bet

Cost Cost Cost

Cut Cut Cut

Hit Hit Hit

Hurt Hurt Hurt

Let Let Let

Put Put Put

Set Set Set

Shut Shut Shut

Spread Spread Spread

Telecast Telecast Telecast

Use in sentences:

- They cut vegetables everyday. (Simple present tense)

- They cut vegetables yesterday. (Simple past tense)

- They have cut vegetables just now. (Present perfect tense)

- They had already cut vegetables. (Past perfect tense)

[Note: In present perfect tense and in past perfect tense, past participle form of verb is used.]

Cut- Cut- Cut Buddham Edutech

Received Appreciation certificate from Rajmata Jijau Shikshan Prasarak Mandal's College of Pharmacy - Pune

Analysis and Synthesis of a Sentence:
Analysis and synthesis are two important processes in a language. Analyse is 'to break'; whereas synthesize is 'to join'. So, analysis means the examination of elements or structure of the given contents; on the other hand, synthesis means the combination of elements, ideas and beliefs.

The analysis of a sentence helps in:

- parsing a sentence (parsing is identifying the parts of speech of the words of a sentence.)

- spotting error in a sentence

- interpretation of a particular part of a sentence

- classifying the sentence into simple, compound or complex category

The synthesis of a sentence helps in:

- framing correct sentences of all types such as simple, compound or complex

- composing our ideas, opinion, reports

- writing essay, paragraph, letter, report

- developing fluency in language.

Analysis

When we analyse a sentence, we do the detailed examination of each and every part of a sentence/ a paragraph. At a time, we examine or try to understand a part of a sentence rather than the whole sentence.

Let us analyse a sentence: He leads a happy life.

In this sentence,

'He' is a personal pronoun in third person singular number acting as a subject of this sentence.

'Leads' is the verb in this sentence. It is a main verb in singular form. 'Leads' is coming as a transitive verb here, as it takes an object after it.

'A' is an indefinite article. 'A' is a determinative adjective or determiner.

'Happy' is a descriptive adjective, and it is in positive degree.

'Life' is an abstract noun.

'A happy life' is the object of this sentence.

This sentence is an example of a simple sentence.

Synthesis

When we synthesize, we combine words to form a sentence. Also, we combine simple sentences to form compound and complex sentences.

Let us synthesize these three sentences:

1. We know. 2. He leads a happy life. 3. He is content.

Synthesis: We know that he leads a happy life because he is content.

[Note: 'that' and 'because' are conjunctions as they are used as link words.]

Buddham Edutech - Bangalore Conducted a Webinar at Rajmata Jijau Shikshan Prasarak Mandal's College of Pharmacy Pune (Maharashtra) - on 13 April 2022.

The topic for the webinar was "The Importance of Aptitude & Corporate Communication for Jobs / Higher Education".

Webinar on "The Importance of Aptitude & Corporate Communication for Jobs / Higher Education" Buddham Edutech

Drawing a conclusion and drawing an inference are two important question-patterns of critical reasoning. In reading comprehension, these two questions are frequently asked. So, it is important to learn how to derive a conclusion & how to derive an inference from the given data/ evidences.
Let us understand the difference between a conclusion and an inference.

Drawing a Conclusion & Drawing an Inference Buddham Edutech

Buddham Edutech - Bangalore Conducted a Webinar at

Girijanand Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science (GIPS), Guwahati - Assam on 08 Apr 2022.

The topic for the webinar was "The Importance of Aptitude & Corporate Communication for Jobs / Higher Education".

It was attended by 94 Students and faculty members of the college. We found the students very disciplined and we also found the college management very cooperative.

The following points were discussed in the webinar:

• The changing industry dimensions and the industry expectations from candidates
• The skill-set needed for Jobs / Higher education
• The importance of a placement drive and the steps of the selection process
• How to prepare for jobs and higher education in India & abroad
• Career options available for graduates other than jobs

Webinar on "The Importance of Aptitude & Corporate Communication for Jobs / Higher Education" Buddham Edutech

Situation Reaction Test-
Situation Reaction Test is a psychometric test commonly used by interviewers. Interviewers use this test to understand candidates' ability, intelligence, analytical ability, decisiveness and other behavioural traits.
Situation Reaction Tests are very helpful tools for interviewers, as these tests help them assess candidates' attitude to challenges and problems of work and life.

Candidates appearing for interview should learn to respond aptly and smartly, as what they speak reflect their mindset. Moreover, learning the way to handle difficult situations improves their personality. In our life, we can not change some situations and circumstances, but we can change our reactions to them.

How to answer an SRT question:

- At first, believe in yourself. Think that the problem is not bigger than your ability.

- Take a few seconds to understand the problem and its causes.

- Think of various alternatives, and pick the best.

Some SRT Questions:

(1) If your employer asks you to sell a mirror to a blind person...

[See, most candidates would give up further thinking and would say that they can not do it., as they believe a blind person does not need a mirror. But you think smartly, you would realize that a blind person is not an orphan, and he may have family members who can use a mirror. Now you are ready to respond.]

Answer: I would surely accept the task to do so. I will meet the blind man, and talk about all good features of the mirror, and convince him to buy it for his family members.

(2) If an interviewer asks you: "Can you work in our company without salary?"...

[Here, most candidates would not think much and give short answer. Their answer would be either 'yes' or 'no'. If they say 'yes', this reflects their immaturity, and if they say 'no', this shows their non seriousness for this job/ position. You should understand that the interviewer intends to test your smartness. So, you should think of a way how to convince him/her for both job and salary. Now you are ready to respond.]

Answer: I wish I could. This job means a lot to me, and working in this company is like a dream coming true. But, as I have my own needs, and I do have some responsibilities, it would be difficult for me continue my job without salary.

Write to Buddham, if you have any queries.

Situation Reaction Test Buddham Edutech