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06/09/2026

04/09/2026
ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ููŠ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉTHE 8 PARTS OF SPEECHุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชุตู†ูŠูุงุช ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ู„ู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ูŠุณุง...
17/08/2026

ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ููŠ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ
THE 8 PARTS OF SPEECH

ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชุตู†ูŠูุงุช ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ู„ู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ูŠุณุงุนุฏู†ุง ูู‡ู…ู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ูˆุธูŠูุฉ ูƒู„ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ูˆูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุจู†ุงุก ุฌู…ู„ ุตุญูŠุญุฉ ูˆู…ูู‡ูˆู…ุฉ.

Parts of speech are the basic categories of words in English. Understanding them helps us identify the function of each word and build correct, meaningful sentences.

1. ุงู„ุงุณู… โ€” NOUN
ุงู„ุงุณู… ู‡ูˆ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุชูุณุชุฎุฏู… ู„ุชุณู…ูŠุฉ ุดุฎุต ุฃูˆ ู…ูƒุงู† ุฃูˆ ุดูŠุก ุฃูˆ ููƒุฑุฉ.
A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.

Examples:
student โ€” ุทุงู„ุจ
teacher โ€” ู…ุนู„ู‘ู…
Sudan โ€” ุงู„ุณูˆุฏุงู†
book โ€” ูƒุชุงุจ
happiness โ€” ุณุนุงุฏุฉ
Example sentence:
Ali reads a book.
ุนู„ูŠ ูŠู‚ุฑุฃ ูƒุชุงุจู‹ุง.

2. ุงู„ุถู…ูŠุฑ โ€” PRONOUN
ุงู„ุถู…ูŠุฑ ู‡ูˆ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุชุญู„ ู…ุญู„ ุงู„ุงุณู… ู„ุชุฌู†ุจ ุชูƒุฑุงุฑู‡.
A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun.

Examples:
I โ€” ุฃู†ุง
you โ€” ุฃู†ุช / ุฃู†ุชู…
he โ€” ู‡ูˆ
she โ€” ู‡ูŠ
it โ€” ู‡ูˆ/ู‡ูŠ ู„ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุนุงู‚ู„
we โ€” ู†ุญู†
they โ€” ู‡ู… / ู‡ู†
Example:
Ali is a student. He is hardworking.
ุนู„ูŠ ุทุงู„ุจ. ู‡ูˆ ู…ุฌุชู‡ุฏ.

3. ุงู„ูุนู„ โ€” VERB
ุงู„ูุนู„ ู‡ูˆ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุชุนุจู‘ุฑ ุนู† ูุนู„ ุฃูˆ ุญุฏุซ ุฃูˆ ุญุงู„ุฉ.
A verb shows an action, event, or state of being.

Examples:
run โ€” ูŠุฌุฑูŠ
eat โ€” ูŠุฃูƒู„
study โ€” ูŠุฏุฑุณ
write โ€” ูŠูƒุชุจ
is โ€” ูŠูƒูˆู†
Example:
They study English.
ู‡ู… ูŠุฏุฑุณูˆู† ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ.

4. ุงู„ุตูุฉ โ€” ADJECTIVE
ุงู„ุตูุฉ ู‡ูŠ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุชุตู ุงุณู…ู‹ุง ุฃูˆ ุถู…ูŠุฑู‹ุง ูˆุชุนุทูŠ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุฅุถุงููŠุฉ ุนู†ู‡.
An adjective describes a noun or pronoun.

Examples:
big โ€” ูƒุจูŠุฑ
beautiful โ€” ุฌู…ูŠู„
red โ€” ุฃุญู…ุฑ
good โ€” ุฌูŠุฏ
intelligent โ€” ุฐูƒูŠ
Example:
She has a red bag.
ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุญู‚ูŠุจุฉ ุญู…ุฑุงุก.

5. ุงู„ุธุฑู โ€” ADVERB
ุงู„ุธุฑู ู‡ูˆ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุชุตู ูุนู„ู‹ุง ุฃูˆ ุตูุฉ ุฃูˆ ุธุฑูู‹ุง ุขุฎุฑุŒ ูˆุชูˆุถุญ ูƒูŠู ุฃูˆ ู…ุชู‰ ุฃูˆ ุฃูŠู† ูŠุญุฏุซ ุงู„ุดูŠุก.
An adverb describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb. It can tell us how, when, or where something happens.

Examples:
quickly โ€” ุจุณุฑุนุฉ
slowly โ€” ุจุจุทุก
very โ€” ุฌุฏู‹ุง
always โ€” ุฏุงุฆู…ู‹ุง
here โ€” ู‡ู†ุง
Example:
He runs quickly.
ู‡ูˆ ูŠุฌุฑูŠ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ.

6. ุญุฑู ุงู„ุฌุฑ โ€” PREPOSITION
ุญุฑู ุงู„ุฌุฑ ูŠูˆุถุญ ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุงุณู… ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุถู…ูŠุฑ ูˆูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู…ู„ุฉุŒ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฒู…ู†.
A preposition shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word.

Examples:
in โ€” ููŠ
on โ€” ุนู„ู‰
under โ€” ุชุญุช
between โ€” ุจูŠู†
at โ€” ุนู†ุฏ / ููŠ
Example:
The book is on the table.
ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทุงูˆู„ุฉ.

7. ุญุฑู ุงู„ุนุทู โ€” CONJUNCTION
ุญุฑู ุงู„ุนุทู ู‡ูˆ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุชุฑุจุท ุจูŠู† ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุนุจุงุฑุงุช ุฃูˆ ุฌู…ู„.
A conjunction connects words, phrases, or clauses.

Examples:
and โ€” ูˆ
but โ€” ู„ูƒู†
or โ€” ุฃูˆ
because โ€” ู„ุฃู†
so โ€” ู„ุฐู„ูƒ
Example:
I wanted to go, but it was raining.
ุฃุฑุฏุช ุฃู† ุฃุฐู‡ุจุŒ ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุฌูˆ ูƒุงู† ู…ู…ุทุฑู‹ุง.

8. ุฃุฏุงุฉ ุงู„ุชุนุฌุจ โ€” INTERJECTION
ุฃุฏุงุฉ ุงู„ุชุนุฌุจ ู‡ูŠ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ู‚ุตูŠุฑุฉ ุชุนุจู‘ุฑ ุนู† ู…ุดุงุนุฑ ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฑุฏ ูุนู„ ู…ูุงุฌุฆ.
An interjection expresses a strong emotion or sudden feeling.

Examples:
Wow! โ€” ูˆุงูˆ!
Oh! โ€” ุฃูˆู‡!
Ouch! โ€” ุขุฎ!
Hooray! โ€” ู…ุฑุญู‰!
Example:
Wow! Thatโ€™s amazing!
ูˆุงูˆ! ู‡ุฐุง ุฑุงุฆุน!

_ุจุงุฎุชุตุงุฑ โ€” IN SIMPLE WORDS_

Noun โ†’ names something โ†’ ุงู„ุงุณู…
Pronoun โ†’ replaces a noun โ†’ ุงู„ุถู…ูŠุฑ
Verb โ†’ shows an action/state โ†’ ุงู„ูุนู„
Adjective โ†’ describes a noun/pronoun โ†’ ุงู„ุตูุฉ
Adverb โ†’ describes how/when/where โ†’ ุงู„ุธุฑู
Preposition โ†’ shows a relationship โ†’ ุญุฑู ุงู„ุฌุฑ
Conjunction โ†’ connects ideas โ†’ ุญุฑู ุงู„ุนุทู
Interjection โ†’ expresses emotion โ†’ ุฃุฏุงุฉ ุงู„ุชุนุฌุจ

ู…ุซุงู„ ุดุงู…ู„
The smart student quickly finished his homework, but he was tired.

The โ†’ Article / ุฃุฏุงุฉ ุชุนุฑูŠู
smart โ†’ Adjective / ุตูุฉ
student โ†’ Noun / ุงุณู…
quickly โ†’ Adverb / ุธุฑู
finished โ†’ Verb / ูุนู„
his โ†’ Pronoun / ุถู…ูŠุฑ
homework โ†’ Noun / ุงุณู…
but โ†’ Conjunction / ุญุฑู ุนุทู
he โ†’ Pronoun / ุถู…ูŠุฑ
was โ†’ Verb / ูุนู„
tired โ†’ Adjective / ุตูุฉ

ู…ู„ุงุญุธุฉ ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ: ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงู‡ุฌ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ ุชูุฏุฑุณ Articles/Determiners (ุฃุฏูˆุงุช ุงู„ุชุนุฑูŠู ูˆุงู„ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ) ูƒูุฆุฉ ุฅุถุงููŠุฉุŒ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‚ุฏ ุชุฌุฏ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุชุชุญุฏุซ ุนู† 9 ุฃูˆ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† Parts of Speech ุจุฏู„ู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุตู†ูŠู ุงู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏูŠ ุฐูŠ ุงู„ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ.

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ุงู„ู…ูƒูˆู‘ู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุบุฉTHE FIVE CORE COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGEุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ู†ุธุงู… ู…ู†ุธู… ู„ู„ุชูˆุงุตู„ุŒ ูˆูŠุชูƒูˆู‘ู† ู…ู† ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ูƒูˆู‘ู†ุงุช ุฃุณุงุณูŠ...
16/08/2026

ุงู„ู…ูƒูˆู‘ู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุบุฉ
THE FIVE CORE COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE

ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ู†ุธุงู… ู…ู†ุธู… ู„ู„ุชูˆุงุตู„ุŒ ูˆูŠุชูƒูˆู‘ู† ู…ู† ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ูƒูˆู‘ู†ุงุช ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ุชุจุฏุฃ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุตูˆุงุช ุงู„ูุฑุฏูŠุฉ ู„ู„ูƒู„ุงู…ุŒ ูˆุชู…ุชุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ูˆุงู„ุฌู…ู„ ูˆูู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ูŠ ูˆุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุณูŠุงู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ.

Language is a structured system of communication consisting of five core components. These components range from individual speech sounds to the way language is structured, understood, and used in real-life social contexts.

1. ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฃุตูˆุงุช โ€” PHONOLOGY
ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฃุตูˆุงุช ู‡ูˆ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุฃุตูˆุงุช ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ูˆูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌู‡ุง ูˆุชู†ุธูŠู…ู‡ุง ูˆุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ุง.

Phonology is the study of the sounds of a language and how those sounds are organized and used.

ู…ุซุงู„:
The words ship /สƒษชp/ and sheep /สƒiหp/ have different vowel sounds.

ูƒู„ู…ุชุง ship ูˆ sheep ุชุฎุชู„ูุงู† ููŠ ุตูˆุช ุญุฑู ุงู„ุนู„ุฉุŒ ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุฎุชู„ู ู†ุทู‚ู‡ู…ุง ูˆู…ุนู†ุงู‡ู…ุง.

Phonology = Sounds | ุงู„ุฃุตูˆุงุช

2. ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุตุฑู โ€” MORPHOLOGY
ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุตุฑู ู‡ูˆ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ูˆูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ู…ู† ูˆุญุฏุงุช ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุชุญู…ู„ ู…ุนู†ู‰ุŒ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฌุฐูˆุฑ ูˆุงู„ุจุงุฏุฆุงุช ูˆุงู„ู„ูˆุงุญู‚.

Morphology is the study of the structure of words and how words are formed from smaller meaningful units called morphemes.
ุฃู…ุซู„ุฉ:
play โ†’ player โ†’ playing โ†’ played
happy โ†’ unhappy โ†’ happiness

ูŠู…ูƒู† ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุจุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุงุŒ ูˆู‚ุฏ ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ุง ุฃูˆ ูˆุธูŠูุชู‡ุง.

Morphology = Word structure | ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช

3. ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู†ุญูˆ ูˆุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุจ โ€” SYNTAX
ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู†ุญูˆ ูˆุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุจ ู‡ูˆ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุชุฑุชูŠุจ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ู„ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ุนุจุงุฑุงุช ูˆุฌู…ู„ ุตุญูŠุญุฉ ูˆู…ูู‡ูˆู…ุฉ.

Syntax is the study of how words are arranged to form meaningful phrases and sentences.
ู…ุซุงู„ ุตุญูŠุญ:
Ali reads a book.
Subject + Verb + Object
ูุงุนู„ + ูุนู„ + ู…ูุนูˆู„ ุจู‡

ู…ุซุงู„ ุบูŠุฑ ุตุญูŠุญ:
Book a reads Ali.
ุชุฑุชูŠุจ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ู…ู‡ู… ุฌุฏู‹ุงุ› ู„ุฃู† ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุชุฑุชูŠุจู‡ุง ู‚ุฏ ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ุตุญูŠุญุฉ ุฃูˆ ูŠุบูŠู‘ุฑ ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰.

Syntax = Sentence structure | ุชุฑูƒูŠุจ ุงู„ุฌู…ู„

4. ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฏู„ุงู„ุฉ โ€” SEMANTICS
ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฏู„ุงู„ุฉ ู‡ูˆ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ูˆุงู„ุนุจุงุฑุงุช ูˆุงู„ุฌู…ู„.

Semantics is the study of meaning in words, phrases, and sentences.
ู…ุซุงู„:
The word bank can mean:
โ€ข a financial institution โ€” ู…ุคุณุณุฉ ู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ
โ€ข the side of a river โ€” ุถูุฉ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุฑ

ู‚ุฏ ุชุญู…ู„ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ู…ุนู†ู‰ุŒ ูˆูŠู‡ุชู… ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฏู„ุงู„ุฉ ุจูู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุญู…ู„ู‡ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ูˆุงู„ุนุจุงุฑุงุช ูˆุงู„ุฌู…ู„.

Semantics = Meaning | ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰

5. ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุชุฏุงูˆู„ูŠุฉ โ€” PRAGMATICS
ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุชุฏุงูˆู„ูŠุฉ ู‡ูˆ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงู‚ู ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉุŒ ูˆูƒูŠู ูŠุชุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุญุณุจ ุงู„ุณูŠุงู‚ ูˆุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุซ ูˆุงู„ู…ุณุชู…ุน ูˆุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ู.

Pragmatics is the study of language in use and how meaning changes according to context, situation, speaker, and listener.
ู…ุซุงู„:
โ€œCan you pass the salt?โ€
ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ุญุฑููŠ:
ู‡ู„ ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ู„ุญุŸ
ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ุณูŠุงู‚ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุŒ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ ุบุงู„ุจู‹ุง ู‡ูˆ:
ู…ู† ูุถู„ูƒุŒ ู†ุงูˆู„ู†ูŠ ุงู„ู…ู„ุญ.
ุชู‡ุชู… ุงู„ุชุฏุงูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุจุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู…ุŒ ูˆู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ุจุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ุญุฑููŠ ู„ู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช.

Pragmatics = Language in context | ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุณูŠุงู‚

ุจุงุฎุชุตุงุฑ โ€” IN SIMPLE WORDS
Phonology โ†’ Sounds โ†’ ุงู„ุฃุตูˆุงุช
Morphology โ†’ Word structure โ†’ ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช
Syntax โ†’ Sentence structure โ†’ ุชุฑูƒูŠุจ ุงู„ุฌู…ู„
Semantics โ†’ Meaning โ†’ ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰
Pragmatics โ†’ Language in context โ†’ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุณูŠุงู‚

ุชุนู…ู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ูƒูˆู‘ู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุนู‹ุง ู„ู…ุณุงุนุฏุชู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ูู‡ู… ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ูˆุชู†ุธูŠู…ู‡ุง ูˆูู‡ู…ู‡ุง ูˆุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ุง ุจูุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุชูˆุงุตู„ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ูŠ.

Together, these five components help us understand how language is produced, structured, understood, and used effectively in everyday communication.

Sudanese Council Institute
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Abdurraheem Hajelnour
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