Botany unlimited by Dr. Siddhant Oys

https://youtu.be/3dsTaAkfm3c

HEREDITY (PART 2) : PEA TRAITS STUDIED BY MENDEL AND THE SCIENCE BEHIND THEIR CONTRASTING FORM

https://youtu.be/x6DcvMK0e-g

HEREDITY (PART -1) : WHY DID MENDEL SELECT PEA PLANTS FOR HIS EXPERIMENT.

https://youtu.be/Jg32BbvBq9Q?si=YPsuD-zbIZD3LCVJ

HEREDITY II CLASS 10 SCIENCE - BIOLOGY II IMPORTANT QUESTION WITH SOLUTION II PART 17

My new abstract "Transforming egg shell wastes into mushroom " published in the Proceedings book of 7th International UBSDER Scientific Research Congress, Ankara, Turkey. February 23-25, 2024.

http://itismypen.blogspot.com/2022/10/blog-post.html

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants Class 10th (CBSE) Chapter 8: Sexual reproduction in flowering plants

This is how we should draw Krebs cycle in exam.

Krebs Cycle: Before 1937, Car Martias, Fray Knoop and Albert Szent-Gyorgyi had elucidated most of the reactions of this cycle. The complete cycle was proposed by Sir Hans Krebs in 1937 (Nobel prize, 1953). The cycle is therefore named after him. Krebs proposed the original name as TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle, because he was not sure whether citric acid is a member of the cycle. Later, Ogston (1948) showed that the tricarboxylic acid in question is indeed citric acid, and so the name Citric Acid cycle was given later. Under aerobic conditions, the pyruvate generated from glucose is oxidatively decarboxylated to form acetyl CoA which enter in Krebs cycle for further breakdown. As glycolysis, plant Krebs cycle is also bit different from animal Krebs cycle (I will discuss in offline class).

During photosynthesis, the fixation of carbon takes place by C3 cycle and the C4 cycle. The main difference between these two is the first stable compound produced which is 3­phosphoglycerate (PGA) (three carbon compound) in case of C3 cycle whereas oxaloacetate (OAA) (four carbon compound) in C4 cycle. (A PART OF MY CLASS)

In phototrophic organisms, the central enzyme in CO2 fixation is the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate caboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo; EC4.1.1.30) that fixes CO2 to rubilose-1,5-bisphosphate to form 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (3 carbon compound). The 3-PGA is then used in the biosynthesis of complex sugar and other organic products. The enzyme RuBisCo is not absolutely specific for CO2 as substrate. It also use O2 in a reaction and form one molecule of 3-PGA and 2-phosphoglycolate (2-PG) each. The 2-PG is toxic. To remove 2-PG and to minimize carbon loss for the CBBs cycle, organisms have a specific phtorespiratory cycle called “PHOTORESPIRATION”.
In photorespiration, various compounds are circulated through two cycles. In one cycle, carbon exits the chloroplast in two molecules of glycolate and returns in the one molecule of glecerate. In other cycle, nitrogen exits the choloplast in one molecule of glutamate and returns in one molecule of ammonia together with one molecule of 2-oxoglutarate. (A PART OF MY CLASS)

The C-4 cycle requires compartmentalized photosynthetic reactions into two distinct cell types: bundle sheath cells (BSCs) and mesophyll cells (MCs). The C4 photosynthesis is classified into three biochemical subtypes, according to their different decarboxylation mechanisms. The first enzyme of the C4 cycle, PEPC, is common to all three subtypes. The product of PEPC, oxaloacetate (OAA), can be either reduced to malate by malate dehydrogenase (MDH) or converted to aspartate (Asp) by aspartate aminotransferase. Malate is then transported to BSCs in NADP-malic enzyme (ME) subtype plants while Asp is transported in NAD-ME and PEPCK types. In the NADP-ME type, malate is used to generate pyruvate and CO2, with the formation of NADPH catalysed by NADP-ME. In NAD-ME type and PEPCK type, aspartate is converted back to OAA in mitochondria or bundle sheath cytoplasm, respectively. In the NAD-ME type, OAA is reduced to malate by MDH, and the NAD-ME then catalyses splitting of malate to release CO2 and pyruvate in mitochondria. In the PEP-carboxykinase (PEPCK) type, most of the OAA is converted to PEP and CO2 in BSC cytosol by PEPCK while rest is converted in to Malate which is then decarboxylated in to Pyruvate and CO2 in BSC mitochondria.
Decarboxylation in BSCs, together with the CO2 diffusion barrier, elevates the CO2 concentration around RuBisCo, 10 folds above the air level. (A PART OF MY CLASS)