Lamsai Academy

Fundamental Rights of IC

𝐈𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐜𝐭, 𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟏

Added Ninth schedule to protect land reforms and other laws from the scrutiny of Judicial review.
Insertion of new Article 31A and Article 31 B.
Amended Article 19 by adding three more ground of reasonable restriction on freedom of speech and expression.

𝐒𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐡 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐜𝐭, 𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟔

State reorganization on a linguistic basis. Abolished classification of states into four categories and reorganized them into 14 states and 6 UTs.
Appointment of a Governor for two or more states.
Establishment of common High Court for two or more states, extended jurisdiction of the High Court to union territories. Appointment of additional and acting judges of High Court.
Insertion of new Article 350 A (instruction in mother-tongue at primary education to children belonging to linguistic minority) and 350B (Special Officer for linguistic minorities is provided) in part XVII.

𝐄𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭𝐡 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐜𝐭, 𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟎

Extended reservation of seats for the SCs and STs and special representation for Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and state legislature.

𝐓𝐰𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐲-𝐅𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐭𝐡 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐜𝐭, 𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟏

Amended Article 368 and Article 13, affirming the power of Parliament to amend any part of the Constitution including fundamental rights.
When an amendment to the Constitution adopted by both Houses of Parliament is submitted to the President for his approval, he is obliged to give his consent.

𝐓𝐰𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐲-𝐅𝐢𝐟𝐭𝐡 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐜𝐭, 𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟏

Curtailment of the fundamental right to property.
Insertion of new Article 31 C, which provides that if any law is passed in order to give result to the DPSP contained in 39(b) and (c), that law will not be considered to be void on the ground that it removes or reduces any of the rights under Article 14, 19 or 31 and will not be challenged on the ground that it doesn't give effect to those principles.


𝐓𝐰𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐲-𝐒𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐡 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐜𝐭, 𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟏

Insertion of Article 363 A giving effect to the abolishment of Privy purse paid to former rulers of princely states.


𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐲-𝐒𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐜𝐭, 𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟔

Amendment in Preamble by addition of three words- ‘Socialist’, ‘Secular’ and ‘Integrity’.
Addition of new Part IVA (Article 51 A) for fundamental duties.
Insertion of new Article 31 D for saving laws in respect of anti-national activities, taking precedence over fundamental rights.
Insertion of new Article 32 A for Constitutional validity of State laws not to be considered in proceedings under Article 32. Also added Article 226 A for Constitutional validity of Central laws not to be considered in proceedings under Article 226.
Insertion of three new Articles regarding DPSP.
(i) Article 39 A: Free legal aid and Equal justice
(ii) Article 43 A: Participation of workers in the management of industries and
(ii) Article 48 A: Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife.
Curtailment of power of Supreme Court and High Court with respect to judicial review and writ jurisdiction.
Made Constitutional amendment beyond judicial review.
The tenure (period) of Lok Sabha and State Legislative assemblies raised to 6 years by amending Article 83 and Article 172.
Frozen seats in Lok Sabha and State
Parliament is empowered to decide the powers, privileges and immunities of the members and the committees of each House of Parliament and State Legislature by amending Article 105 and Article 194.
Added new Part XIV regarding administrative tribunal and tribunal for other matters under Article 323 A and 323 B.
Addition of new Article 257 A for assistance to States by the deployment of armed forces or other forces of the Union.
Creation of All India Judicial Services under Article 236.
Facilitated a Proclamation of emergency in operation in any part of the territory of India.
Made President bound by the advice of Council of Ministers by amending Article 74.
Amendment in Seventh Schedule by shifting five subjects from the state list to the concurrent list
These are: (a) education, (b) forests, (c) protection of wild animals and birds, (d) weights and measures (e) administration of justice.
Extended one-time duration of President’s rule from six months to one year.


𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐲-𝐅𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐭𝐡 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐜𝐭, 𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟖

Substituted term ‘Armed rebellion’ with earlier ‘Internal disturbance’ in case of national emergency.
President can proclaim emergency only on the basis of written advice tendered by the cabinet.
Removal of right to property from the list of fundamental right and recognized as a mere legal right.
Provided that during national emergency fundamental right guaranteed under Article 20 and Article 21 cannot be suspended.
Restored the original term of Lok Sabha and State Legislative assembly to five years.
Restored the power of Election Commission in deciding matters related to election dispute of President, Vice-President, Prime Minister and Speaker of Lok Sabha.
Guaranteed right of the media to report the proceedings in Parliament and the State Legislatures freely and without censorship.
Set some procedural safeguards with respect to a national emergency and President’s rule.
Restored the powers of Supreme Court and High Court taken away in earlier amendments.
In the case of issuing ordinances, the amendment did away with the provision that made the satisfaction of the President or Governor as final justification.
President can now send back the advice of cabinet for reconsideration. Reconsidered advice, however, is binding on the President.


𝐒𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐲-𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐜𝐭, 𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟖

Proposed to reduce the voting age from 21 years to 18 years for Lok Sabha and State legislative assembly election.


𝐒𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐲-𝐍𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐡 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐜𝐭, 𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟏

Granted the National Capital a special status among the Union territories to ensure stability and permanence. Amendment also provided with a Legislative Assembly and a Council of Ministers for Delhi.


𝐒𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐲-𝐓𝐡𝐢𝐫𝐝 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐜𝐭, 𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟐

Added new Part IX that gave Constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj Institution. Inserted new Eleventh schedule having 29 functions of Panchayat.


𝐒𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐲-𝐅𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐭𝐡 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐜𝐭, 𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟐

Granted Constitutional status to Urban Local Bodies. Added ‘The Municipalities’ as new Part XI-A in the Constitution. Inserted Twelfth schedule having 18 functions of the municipality.


𝐄𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭𝐲-𝐅𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐭𝐡 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐜𝐭, 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟐

Readjustment and rationalization of territorial constituencies, without altering the number of seats allotted in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative assemblies to be fixed on the basis of 1991 census till 2026.


𝐄𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭𝐲-𝐬𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐡 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐜𝐭, 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟐

Inserted new Article 21-A in the Constitution which provided for free and compulsory education to all children of the age of 6 to 14 years.
Inserted Article 51-A as a fundamental duty which provided for the education of a child between the age of 6 and 14 years.
Changes in the DPSP Article 45 which provided free and compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14 years.


𝐄𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭𝐲-𝐒𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐡 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐜𝐭, 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟑

Readjustment and rationalization of territorial constituencies in the states to be fixed as per 2001 census instead of earlier 1991 census.


𝐄𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭𝐲-𝐍𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐡 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐜𝐭, 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟑

Creation of two separate bodies out of combined body namely ‘National Commission for Scheduled Castes’ under Article 338 and ‘National Commission for Scheduled Tribes’ under Article 338-A.


𝐍𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐭𝐲-𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐜𝐭, 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟑

Inserted new clause Article 75 (1A): provides that the total number of ministers, including the PM, in the COM shall not exceed 15% of the total number of members of LS.
PM- Prime Minister COM- Council of Ministers LS- Lok Sabha
Inserted fresh clause Article 75 (1B): Provides that a member of either House of Parliament belonging to any political party that is disqualified on grounds of defection from being a member of that House shall also be disqualified from being a Minister.
New clause Article 164(1A): Provides that the total number of ministers, including the CM, in the COM shall not exceed 15% of the total number of members of the State Legislative Assembly.
CM- Chief Minister COM- Council of Ministers
Inserted new clause Article 164 (1B) which says, a member of Legislative assembly of the State or either House of State Legislature belonging to any political party who is disqualified on the ground of defection for being a member of that House shall also be disqualified to be appointed as a minister.
Removal of the provision in Tenth Schedule pertaining to an exemption from disqualification in case of the split by one-third members of the legislature party.


𝐍𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐭𝐲-𝐒𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐡 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐜𝐭, 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟏

It gave Constitutional protection to Co-operative societies by making the following changes.
Right to form Co-operative society as a fundamental right under Article 19.
Insertion of the new Directive Principle of State Policy under Article 43-B for promotion of Co-operative societies.
Added new Part IX B under the Constitution as ‘The Co-operative societies’ under Article 243-ZH to 243-ZT.


𝐍𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐭𝐲-𝐍𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐡 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐜𝐭, 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟒

Insertion of new Article 124-A which provided for the establishment of the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) for the appointment and transfer of judges of the higher judiciary. However, it was later struck down by apex court and held as unconstitutional and void.


𝐇𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐫𝐞𝐝𝐭𝐡 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐜𝐭, 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟓

This amendment gave effect to the acquisition of territories by India and transfer of certain territories to Bangladesh in pursuance of the Land Boundary Agreement and its protocol entered into between the Governments of India and Bangladesh.


𝐇𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐜𝐭, 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟔

Insertion of new Article 246-A, 269-A and 279-A for enrollment of Goods and Service Tax (GST) that made changes in Seventh Schedule and course of inter-state trade and commerce.


𝐇𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐜𝐭, 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟖

It provided for the establishment of National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) as a Constitutional body under Article 338-B of the Constitution. It is vested with the responsibility of considering inclusion and exclusion of communities in the list of backward communities for reservation in jobs.


𝐇𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐓𝐡𝐢𝐫𝐝 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐜𝐭, 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟗

In relation to the current reservation, the reservation of up to 10% for "economically weaker segments" in academic organizations and government jobs has been made.
It gives effect to the mandate of the Directive Principle of State Policy under Article 46.
It added new provisions under Article 15 (6) and Article 16 (6) to permit the government to ensure the advancement of "economically weaker segments."

𝐇𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐅𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐭𝐡 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐜𝐭, 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟎

It extend the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and states assemblies from Seventy years to Eighty years. Removed the reserved seats for the Anglo-Indian community in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2023 has been awarded for experiments with light that capture the shortest of moments.

This year’s physics laureates Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz and Anne L’Huillier have conducted experiments that demonstrate a method for producing pulses of light that are brief enough to capture images of processes inside atoms and molecules.

Electrons’ movements in atoms and molecules are so rapid that they are measured in attoseconds. An attosecond is to one second as one second is to the age of the universe.

Attosecond pulses make it possible to measure the time it takes for an electron to be tugged away from an atom, and to examine how the time this takes depends on how tightly the electron is bound to the atom’s nucleus. It is possible to reconstruct how the distribution of electrons oscillates from side to side or place to place in molecules and materials; previously their position could only be measured as an average.

Attosecond pulses can be used to test the internal processes of matter, and to identify different events. These pulses have been used to explore the detailed physics of atoms and molecules, and they have potential applications in areas from electronics to medicine.

For example, attosecond pulses can be used to push molecules, which emit a measurable signal. The signal from the molecules has a special structure, a type of fingerprint that reveals what molecule it is, and the possible applications of this include medical diagnostics.

Now that the attosecond world has become accessible, these short bursts of light can be used to study the movements of electrons. It is now possible to produce pulses down to just a few dozen attoseconds, and this technology is developing all the time.

The 2023 Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded to Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz and Anne L’Huillier “for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter.”

Credit : Nobel Prize

Nobel Prize 2023 in Chemistry is awarded to Moungi G. Bawendi,Louis E. Brus and Alexei I. Ekimov from the USA for the discovery and development of quantum dots, nanoparticles so tiny that their size determines their properties.

🔸𝐐𝐮𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐮𝐦𝐃𝐨𝐭𝐬 now illuminate computer monitors and television screens based on QLED technology. They also add nuance to the light of some LED lamps, and biochemists and doctors use them to map biological tissue.

🔸Quantum dots are thus bringing the greatest benefit to humankind. Researchers believe that in the future they could contribute to flexible electronics, tiny sensors, thinner solar cells and encrypted quantum communication – so we have just started exploring the potential of these tiny particles.

The Nobel Laureates in Chemistry 2023 have succeeded in producing particles so small that their properties are determined by quantum phenomena. The particles, which are called quantum dots, are now of great importance in nanotechnology. “Quantum dots have many fascinating and unusual properties. Importantly, they have different colours depending on their size.

Credit : Nobel Prize

BREAKING NEWS
The 2023 Nobel Prize in Literature is awarded to the Norwegian author Jon Fosse “for his innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable.”

Jon Fosse was born 1959 in Haugesund on the Norwegian west coast. His immense œuvre written in Norwegian Nynorsk and spanning a variety of genres consists of a wealth of plays, novels, poetry collections, essays, children’s books and translations. While he is today one of the most widely performed playwrights in the world, he has also become increasingly recognised for his prose. His debut novel ‘Raudt, svart’ (1983), as rebellious as it was emotionally raw, broached the theme of su***de and, in many ways, set the tone for his later work.

Fosse’s European breakthrough as a dramatist came with Claude Régy’s 1999 Paris production of his play ‘Nokon kjem til å komme’ (1996; ‘Someone Is Going to Come’, 2002). Even in this early piece, with its themes of fearful anticipation and crippling jealousy, Fosse’s singularity is fully evident. In his radical reduction of language and dramatic action, he expresses the most powerful human emotions of anxiety and powerlessness in the simplest everyday terms. It is through this ability to evoke man’s loss of orientation, and how this paradoxically can provide access to a deeper experience close to divinity, that he has come to be regarded as a major innovator in contemporary theatre.

In common with his great precursor in Norwegian Nynorsk literature Tarjei Vesaas, Fosse combines strong local ties, both linguistic and geographic, with modernist artistic techniques. He includes in his Wahlverwandschaften such names as Samuel Beckett, Thomas Bernhard and Georg Trakl. While Fosse shares the negative outlook of his predecessors, his particular gnostic vision cannot be said to result in a nihilistic contempt of the world. Indeed, there is great warmth and humour in his work, and a naïve vulnerability to his stark images of human experience.

In his second novel ‘Stengd gitar’ (1985), Fosse presents us with a harrowing variation on one of his major themes, the critical moment of irresolution. A young mother leaves her flat to throw rubbish down the chute but locks herself out, with her baby still inside. Needing to go and seek help, she is unable to do so since she cannot abandon her child. While she finds herself, in Kafkaesque terms, ‘before the law’, the difference is clear: Fosse presents everyday situations that are instantly recognisable from our own lives. As with his first book, the novel is heavily pared down to a style that has come to be known as ‘Fosse minimalism’.

In ‘Sterk vind’ (2021), referred to as ‘a dramatic poem’, Fosse’s increasing use of imagery and symbolism in his plays becomes apparent. From as far back as the 1986 publication of his first poetry collection ‘Engel med vatn i augene’, lyrical language has always served as a great resource in his writing. The recent edition of his collected poetry, ‘Dikt i samling’ (2021), testifies to the important role poetry has played for him over the years in providing the basis for his elementary diction and sense of the limits of language.

Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura are celebrating their statehood day today. On this day in 1972, all the three states became full-fledged states under the North Eastern Region (Reorganisation) Act, 1971.
The princely states of Manipur and Tripura were first merged with India in 1949. They were upgraded as Union Territories in 1956 till the next upgradation as a full-fledged state on January 21, 1972.

Meghalaya, on the other hand, was created as an autonomous state within Assam in 1970 and then carved out as full-fledged state together with Manipur and Tripura on the same day.

Tripura, Manipur, Meghalaya were granted full statehood by the North East Reorganisation Act of 1971. Meghalaya was given the status of an autonomous state within Assam, through the Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act 1969, according to the sixth schedule of the Indian constitution.

Manipur:
A few days before Independence, the Maharaja of Manipur, Bodhachandra Singh, signed the Instrument of Accession with the Indian government on the assurance that the internal autonomy of Manipur would be maintained. Under the pressure of public opinion, the Maharaja held elections in Manipur in June 1948 and the state became a constitutional monarchy. Thus Manipur was the first part of India to hold an election based on universal adult franchise. The Government of India succeeded in pressuring the Maharaja into signing a Merger Agreement in September 1949.

Tripura:
Tripura was a princely state till the merger with the Indian union on 15th November, 1949. The last king Bir Bikram who was on the throne, immediately before India’s independence, died on 17th May, 1947.
After his demise, his widow queen Kanchan Prabha took the charge of regency of Tripura and took over the administrative charges. She was instrumental for Merger of the Tripura kingdom in the Indian Union.

Meghalaya:
In 1947 the rulers of the Garo and Khasi region acceded to the newly independent country of India. Meghalaya, a small hilly state located in the North Eastern Region of India, came into existence as an autonomous state within the state of Assam on 2 April 1970 comprising the United Khasi and Jaintia Hills and the Garo Hills districts.

Major Change
In 1972, the political map of Northeast India underwent a major change. The two Union Territories of Manipur and Tripura and the Sub-State of Meghalaya got statehood.

Name of Chief Ministers

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Sania Mirza was inspired by flight lieutenant Avani Chaturvedi & decided to join NDA.

Sania has cleared NDA exam & now wants to become fighter pilot like Avani.

Sania's father is a TV Mechanic in UP's Mirzapur. Best wishes for her journey & for her dream of becoming fighter pilot.