06/07/2026
Samuel [sometimes: Sholom, Shmil, or Samuil Isakovich Ben-Yitzhak] Schwarzbard [sometimes: Scholom Schwartzbard] was an anarchist and a poet. He became known since on May 25, 1926, now a little over a hundred years ago, he assassinated in Paris Symon Petliura [Symon Vasyliovych Petliura] [1879–1926], exiled president of the 'Ukrainian People's Republic,'.
Schwarzbard was born in 1886 in Izmail, Bessarabia [today Ukraine]; he passed away in 1938 during a business trip to South Africa. In accordance with his wishes, his casket was brought to Israel in 1967. He was laid to rest for eternity in the cemetery of Moshav Avihayil.
The armies/gangs of the “Ukrainian People's Republic” led massacres, riots and pogroms between the years 1917–1921, particularly during the year 1919, during the civil war in Ukraine, in which at least 50,000 Jews were murdered. Some estimate that the actual number of victims reached 200,000. Just “thanks” to the later horrific events of the "Holocaust" were these horrendous mass-slaughters somewhat forgotten.
Symon Petliura was accused that although he issued condemnations, he did not actually attempt to stop the massacres, nor did he take any practical steps to halt the pogroms.
“The Association of Jewish Ukrainian Immigrants in Canada” [whose correspondence I will refer to later here] testified in a 1926 telegram regarding Petliura, “ [he][...] is mostly responsible for [the] horrible crimes committed against our people in Ukraine during 1919-1921. We have seen Petliura bands butchering, crippling our parents, children, sisters, brothers, men, women.[...]”
Schwarzbard assassinated Petliura in revenge for the pogroms in Ukraine and the murder of his own family members. The murder took place in central Paris. Petliura left a restaurant and Schwarzbard fired at him from his pistol five shots from which he died the following day.
The information on Schwarzbard’s Wikipedia entry is somehow different:
“On 25 May 1926, at 14:12, by the Gibert bookstore, [Schwarzbard] approached Petliura, who was walking on Rue Racine near Boulevard Saint-Michel of the Latin Quarter, Paris. [He asked Petliura] in Ukrainian, ‘Are you Mr. Petliura?’ Petliura did not answer but raised his cane. Schwarzbard immediately pulled out a gun and shot him five times. After Petliura fell to the pavement, he shot him twice more. When the police came and asked if he had done the deed, he reportedly said, “I have killed a great assassin.’”
On this issue I wish to testify. In the late 1980s, while I was collecting sources, documents, and testimonies regarding the history of the “Jewish Community of Berlin”, I interviewed David Tesher, originally Zelig Teshertok [no family relation to Moshe Sharett], in Jerusalem. Tesher was born in Ukraine; he passed away in 1992 in Jerusalem. Tesher told me that, in his youth he had experienced the pogroms in Ukraine. Later, as an adult, he moved to Berlin, where he was active in various Zionist organizations. In the early 1930s, when the violent National-Socialist Antisemitism began to intensify in Berlin, Germany, he believed that he already was acquaintance to these kind of events. Therefore, immediately after January 1933, he decided to immigrate to Eretz Israel.
Schwarzbard was known as an anarchist, but a gentle man. He was arrested on the spot at the scene of the murder. He was put on trial before a jury. The trial began on October 18, 1927, and lasted eight days. The French criminal jurist of Jewish descent Henry Torrès led Schwarzbard's defense.
The presiding judge instructed the jury to consider five questions and based on them to hand down Schwarzbard's verdict:
• Was Schwarzbard guilty of striking and wounding Petliura?
• Did these injuries cause Petliura's death?
• Did Schwarzbard intend to cause Petliura's death?
• Did Schwarzbard act with premeditation?
• Did Schwarzbard commit his act from an ambush (lying in wait)?
The members of the jury deliberated for only about half an hour and answered 'no' to all the questions. Accordingly, the court ruled that Schwarzbard was acquitted of all charges.
The line of defense that Henry Torrès led won widespread praise. For example, a congratulatory telegram sent to him by the French General Henry Sébastien Sauret [1853–1935] read:
“Even if I am responding somewhat late, I must congratulate you on the excellent result achieved by your brilliant defense of the seeker of justice Schwarzbard and on the talent with which you knew not only how to move the jury but also how to make the prosecution witnesses speak in favor of the defense.”
In the collection of Elias Tcherikower [born in 1881 in Poltava, Ukraine; passed away in 1943 in New York City, USA] at “The Archives of the Jewish People”, in Jerusalem, a vast amount of material is preserved relating to the Schwarzbard trial: the background, the preparations for the trial, the course of the trial, the acquittal and the reactions following the conclusion of the legal proceedings. Tcherikower was a historian who focused on the history of Eastern European Jewry. He was among the founders of the YIVO Institute.
Alongside General Sauret's telegram at the end of the trial, many telegrams are preserved which “The Association of the Jewish Ukrainian Immigrants in Canada” sent before, during, and at the end of the trial, apparently to Henry Torrès. In their telegrams, the members of the association expressed confidence in the French judicial system and, as stated, expressed absolute blame of Symon Petliura for the horrific pogroms, as written there, [There is] "no shadow of doubt as to his ]Symon Vasyliovych Petliura’s[ responsibility".