04/07/2026
An interesting linguistic history.
Before the plague, an English king's court spoke French. The clerks wrote in Latin. The peasants in the fields spoke English, and almost nobody who mattered listened to them.
Then 1348 arrived.
The Black Death tore through England without checking anyone's pedigree, taking bishops in their palaces, abbots at the altar, and Norman-French landlords in their manor houses alongside the laborers in their huts. By some estimates nearly half the population was gone within a few years. The French-speaking ruling class, already a thin layer over a vast English-speaking majority, was suddenly far thinner.
The survivors needed hands. Fields had to be plowed, sheep sheared, taxes collected, courts held. Lords who once issued orders in Norman French found themselves negotiating with English-speaking tenants who now had leverage they'd never had before. Wages rose. Bonds of serfdom frayed. And the language of the people doing the actual work started pushing upward.
The schools shifted first. John Cornwall, an Oxford grammar master, began teaching Latin through English instead of French around 1349, and other schoolmasters followed. A generation of boys grew up construing their lessons in their mother tongue.
In 1362, Parliament passed the Statute of Pleading, ordering that court cases be argued in English because French had become so unfamiliar that litigants couldn't follow their own trials. That same year, the Chancellor opened Parliament with a speech in English for the first time in nearly three centuries.
By the 1380s, Geoffrey Chaucer was writing the Canterbury Tales in the London dialect of English, treating it as a literary language worthy of the kings and clerks who had once dismissed it. John Wycliffe's followers were translating the Bible into English. Sermons, wills, and guild records began appearing in the vernacular.
The English that emerged was already changed. Centuries of French rule had layered thousands of French words into its vocabulary, beef and mutton and parliament and justice, while the underlying grammar remained stubbornly Germanic. The plague didn't create that hybrid. It just cleared the room enough for English to walk back to the head of the table wearing French clothes.
A disease rewrote the country's tongue. The Norman Conquest had taken three hundred years to bury English. It took the Black Death about thirty to dig it back up.