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Some Useful Full Forms ✨

AIIB – Association of Independent Information Brokers
AOO - Area of Operations
API - Application Program Interfaces
BBC - British Broadcasting Corporation
COSPO - Community Open Source Program Office
EEI - Essential Elements of Information
FBIS - Foreign Broadcast Information Service
ICRC - The International Committee of the Red Cross
ISPs - Internet Service Providers
MCCIS – Maritime Command and Control Information System
NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NDA - Non-Disclosure Agreements
NGO - Non-Governmental Organization
NNTCNS - Non-NATO troop contributing nations
OPSEC - Operational Security
OSIF - Open Source Information
OSINT - Open Source Intelligence
OSO - Open Source Officers
PfP - Partnership for Peace
RFI - Requests for Information
SACEUR - Supreme Allied Commander, Europe
SACLANT - Supreme Allied Commander, Atlantic
SAR - Synthetic Aperture Radar
SC - Strategic Commands
SCI - Science Citation Index
SME - Subject-Matter Experts
SSCI - Social Science Citation Index
STN - Scientific and Technical Network
UN - United Nations
VPN- Virtual Private Network
WEU - Western European Union

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🌀List of All Computer File Extensions and their Meaning

🔰File extensions indicate the file format or file type. It is start dot (.) symbol and filename. File extensions consist of three or four characters, although in rare cases it could be two . These file extension helps the operating system to know what type of file or program to run when you double-click on it. Here list of computer file extension and their meaning :-

💠Executable File Extensions

apk : Android package file
bat :Batch file
bin :Binary file
cgi : Common Gateway Interface Script
com:MS-DOS command file
exe :Executable file
jar :Java Archive file
py :Python file
wsf :Windows Script File

💠Audio File Extensions

aif : AIF/Audio Interchange audio file
cda : CD audio track file
iff : Interchange File Format
mid or .midi : MIDI audio file
mp3 :MP3 audio file
mpa : MPEG-2 audio file
wav : WAVE file
wma : Windows Media audio file
wpl : Windows Media Player playlist

💠Video File Extensions

avi : Audio Video Interleave File
flv : Adobe Flash Video File
m4v : Apple MP4 video File
mkv : Matroska Multimedia Container
mov : Apple QuickTime movie File
mp4 : MPEG-4 Video File
mpg or .mpeg : MPEG video File
rm : Real Media File
swf : Shockwave flash File
vob :DVD Video Object File
wmv : Windows Media Video File
3g23 : GPP2 Multimedia File
3gp3 : GPP multimedia File

💠Image File Extensions

ai :Adobe Illustrator file
bmp : Bitmap image File
gif : GIF/Graphical Interchange Format image
ico : Icon file
jpeg or .jpg : JPEG image
max : 3ds Max Scene File
obj : Wavefront 3D Object File
png : PNG / Portable Network Graphic image
ps : PostScript file
psd : PSD / Adobe Photoshop Document image
svg : Scalable Vector Graphics file
tif or .tiff : TIFF image
3ds : 3D Studio Scene
3dm : Rhino 3D Model

💠Text File Extensions

doc and .docx : Microsoft Word file
odt :OpenOffice Writer document file
msg :Outlook Mail Message
pdf : PDF file
rtf : Rich Text Format File
tex : ALaTeX document file
txt : Plain text file
wks and .wps : Microsoft Works Word Processor Document file
wpd : WordPerfect document

💠Spreadsheet File Extensions

ods : OpenOffice Calc spreadsheet file
xlr : Microsoft Works spreadsheet file
xls : Microsoft Excel file
xlsx : Microsoft Excel Open XML spreadsheet file

💠Web File Extensions

asp and .aspx : Active Server Page file
cer : Internet security certificate
cfm : ColdFusion Markup file
cgi or .pl : Perl script file
css : Cascading Style Sheet file
htm and .html : HTML/Hypertext Markup Language file
js :JavaScript file
jsp : Java Server Page file
part : Partially downloaded file
php : PHP Source Code file
rss : RSS/Rich Site Summary file
xhtml : XHTML / Extensible Hypertext Markup Language file

💠Presentation File Extensions

key : Keynote presentation
odp : OpenOffice Impress presentation file
pps : PowerPoint slide show
ppt : PowerPoint presentation
pptx : PowerPoint Open XML presentation

💠Database File Extensions

accdb : Access 2007 Database File
csv : Comma separated value file
dat Data file
db or .dbf : Database file
log : Log file
mdb : Microsoft Access database file
pdb : Program Database
sav : Save file (e.g. game save file)
sql : SQL/Structured Query Language database file
tar : Linux / Unix tarball file archive

💠System Related File Extensions

bak : Backup file
cab : Windows Cabinet file
cfg : Configuration file
cpl : Windows Control panel file
cur : Windows cursor file
dll : DLL file
dmp : Dump file
drv : Device driver file
icn : smacOS X icon resource file
ico :Icon file
ini : Initialization file
lnk : Windows shortcut file
msi : Windows installer package
sys : Windows system file
tmp : Temporary file
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Explanation of the Keys on a Windows QWERTY Keyboard
Q W E R T Y
"The name "QWERTY" for our computer keyboard comes from the first six letters
in the top alphabet row (the one just below the numbers). It is also referred to as
the "Universal" keyboard. It was the work of inventor C. L. Sholes, who put
together the prototypes of the first commercial typewriter in a Milwaukee machine
shop back in the 1860's."
Esc
Equivalent to clicking the Cancel button. In PowerPoint the Esc key will stop a
running slide show. On a web page with animations, the Esc key will stop the
animations. On a web page that is loading, the Esc key will stop the page from
loading. The keyboard combination Ctrl + Esc will open the Start Menu.
F1
While working in an application, depressing this key will bring up the applications
help menu. If there is no open application F1 will open Windows Help.
F2
Choose this key to rename a selected item or object.
F3
Depressing this key will display the Find: All Files dialog box.
F4
Selects the Go To A Different Folder box and moves down the entries in the
box (if the toolbar is active in Windows Explorer)
F5
Refreshes the current window. In Internet Explorer, F5 will Refresh the web
page.
F6
Moves among panes in Windows Explorer.
F10
Activates menu bar options. Use right and left arrows to select menus and down
arrows to display pull down menus.
F11
In Internet Explorer this key will allow you to toggle between full screen viewing
mode and normal viewing mode.
F12
Print Screen/SysRq
Usually located at the upper right hand corner of your keyboard next to the Scroll
Lock and Pause/Break keys. Often abbreviated PrtScr, the Print Screen key is
a useful key supported on most PCs. In DOS, pressing the Print Screen key
causes the computer to send whatever images and text are currently on the
display screen to the printer. Some graphics programs and Windows, use the
Print Screen key to obtain Screen Captures.
Tab
This key can be used to move forward through options in a dialog box.
Ctrl + Shift + Tab can be used to move backward through the options.
Ctrl + Tab allows movement from one open window to the next in an application
with more than one open window.
Alt + Tab displays a list of open application windows. Keeping Alt depressed and
selecting Tab cycles through the list. Releasing selects the highlighted
application window.
Caps Lock
Locks the keyboard in "Capitals" mode (only applies to Alpha keys). The Caps
Lock key should be used with caution. Using ALL CAPS is a usability no-no as
many have difficulty scanning text that is ALL CAPS. Also, when sending email in
all caps, this could be misconstrued as shouting at someone.
Shift
The obvious use of this key is to allow selection of capital letters when
depressing the alphabet characters, or selecting the characters above other nonalpha keys.
Depressing the Shift key while inserting a CD-ROM will bypass auto play.
Shift + Delete to permanently delete a selected item, bypasses the Recycle Bin.
Control Key
Ctrl
Depressing the Ctrl key while clicking allows multiple selections. Holding the Ctrl
key down and pressing other key combinations will initiate quite a few actions.
Some of the more common ones are listed below.
Ctrl + A
Select All items
Ctrl + B
Add or remove Bold formatting
Ctrl + C
Copy, places the selected/highlighted copy on the clipboard.
Ctrl + C + C
Opens the clipboard.
Ctrl + F
Opens the Find what: dialog box. Great for finding references on a web page
while using your favorite web browser.
Ctrl + H
Replace, brings up the Find and Replace dialog box. Great for global find and
replace routines while working in normal and html views in your favorite
WYSIWYG editors like FrontPage. You can also use this to find and replace
content within your Word Documents, Excel Spreadsheets, etc...
Ctrl + I
Add or remove Italic formatting.
Ctrl + N
Window, In Internet Explorer, opens a New Window. In Outlook, opens a New
Mail Message. In most publishing programs like Word, opens a New Document.
Ctrl + O
Open, brings up a browse dialog and allows you to select a file to open.
Ctrl + P
Print
Ctrl + S
Save
Ctrl + U
Add or remove Underline formatting.
Ctrl + V
Paste, inserts the copy on the clipboard into the area where your flashing cursor
is positioned or the area you have selected/highlighted.
Ctrl + W
Close, will close the document currently open.
Ctrl + X
Cut, removes the selected/highlighted copy and places it on the clipboard.
Ctrl + Y
Redo last command. Many software programs offer multiple Redo's by pressing
Ctrl + Y + Y + Y...
Ctrl + Z
Undo last command. Many software programs offer multiple Undo's by pressing
Ctrl + Z + Z + Z...
Ctrl + Esc
Open the Start menu (or use the Windows Key if you have one).
Ctrl + =
Spell checker (pre WinXP).
Ctrl
While dragging a file to copy the file.
Ctrl + Shift
While dragging a file to create a shortcut.
Ctrl + Tab
Allows movement (toggle) from one open window to the next in an application
with more than one open window.
Ctrl + F4
Close a window in an application without closing the application.
Ctrl + F5
In Internet Explorer, Ctrl + F5 will Refresh the web page bypassing cache (all
images and external file references will be reloaded).
Windows Key
Windows Key
On either side of the spacebar, outside the Alt key, is a key with the Windows
logo. Holding the Windows key down and pressing another key will initiate quite a
few actions. Some of the more common are listed below.
Displays the Start Menu.
+ D
Minimizes all windows and shows the Desktop.
+ D
Opens all windows and takes you right back to where you were.
+ E
Opens a new Explorer Window. Probably one of the hottest Windows
keyboard shortcuts. This one gets a lot of hoorahs!
+ F
Displays the Find all files dialog box.
+ L
Lock your Windows XP computer. Logoff in Windows Pre-XP.
+ M
Minimizes all open windows.
+ Shift + M
Restores all previously open windows to how they were before you Minimized
them.
+ R
Displays the Run command.
+ F1
Displays the Windows Help menu.
+ Pause/Break
Displays the Systems Properties dialog box.
+ Tab
Cycle through the buttons on the Task Bar.
Alt
Alt
Located on either side of the space bar. Holding the Alt key down and pressing
another key will initiate various actions. Some of the more common ones are
listed below:
Alt + F4
Closes the current active window. If there is no active window this opens the
Shut Down dialog box.
Alt + underlined letter in menu
To carry out the corresponding command on the menu.
Alt + left/right arrows
In a browser moves forward or back through the pages visited in a window.
Alt + Space Bar
Displays the current window's system menu. This is the same as left clicking on
the application icon at the top left of the window.
Alt + Enter
Displays a selected items properties. This can also be done with Alt + doubleclick.
Alt + PrtScn
Captures the top window of the active application.
Alt + Space Bar
Displays the main window's system menu. This is the same as clicking on the
application icon at the left end of the title bar.
Alt + Space Bar + C
After the system menu is displayed (see above), this combination will close a
window. This works the same way as Alt + F4 but requires less stretch.
Alt + - (hyphen)
Displays the current window's system menu. This is the same as left clicking on
the application icon at the top left of the window.
Alt + Tab
Displays a list of open application windows. Keeping Alt depressed and selecting
Tab cycles through the list. Releasing selects the highlighted application window.
Alt Ctrl
The Application key has an image of a mouse pointer on a menu (between the
Alt and Ctrl keys ( ) to the right of your Space Bar). Depressing this key will
display the selected item's shortcut window. This is the menu that is displayed by
right-clicking.
Space Bar
Insert a space between words. It is suggested that you utilize Tabs (or other
formatting commands) to put distance between elements. Using the space bar to
insert visual space works but would not be considered a best practice in page
design. Double spaces between sentences are no longer required. This is a
carryover from the days of fixed width fonts on a typewriter such as Courier,
Orator, Prestige Elite, etc.
Pressing the Space Bar while viewing a web page in Internet Explorer will scroll
the page downwards. Shift + Space Bar will scroll the page upwards.
Enter
Creates a new Paragraph ( ) or what is referred to as a Hard Return. In
any dialog box a selected button or command can be selected by depressing this
key. Selected buttons can be recognized by their darker (dotted) borders, or what
is referred to as Focus.
Shift + Enter
Creates a new Line Break ( ) or what is referred to as a Soft Return.
Shift + Arrow
Shift + Arrow Up, Down, Left or Right. Position your cursor at the beginning of
the area you wish to highlight for copying. Now use the up, down, left or right
arrow keys to select areas of content to be highlighted, copied, pasted, etc.
Backspace
While working with text, use this key to delete characters to the left of the
insertion point.
Home
Depress and hold the Ctrl key as you select Home to go to the first line of a
document.
Page Up
In a browser window use the Page Up key to move up one full screen on a web
page.
Delete
While working with text, use this key to delete characters to the right of the
insertion point. This key can also be used to delete selected files. If you use the
keyboard combination Shift + Delete the item is permanently deleted, bypassing
the Recycle Bin.
End
Depress and hold the Ctrl key as you select End to go to the last line of a
document.
Page Down
In a browser window use the Page Down key to move down one full screen on a
web page.
Up Arrow
Navigate in a document to the line above. Hold the Ctrl key down as you press
this key to move to the beginning of the second line above.
Right Arrow
Navigate in a document one character to the right. Hold the Ctrl key down as you
press this key to move one word to the right.
Down Arrow
Navigate in a document to the line below. Hold the Ctrl key down as you press
this key to move to the beginning of the second line below.
Left Arrow
Navigate in a document one character to the left. Hold the Ctrl key down as you
press this key to move one word to the left.
Keypad Keys
Num Lock
If you want to use the numeric keypad on the right end of the keyboard to display
numbers, the Num Lock key must be selected (usually a light above the Num
Lock will indicate that it is on). If you want to use the keypad to navigate within a
document, turn off Num Lock by pressing the key (the light will go off).
* (Asterisk)
In Windows Explorer this expands everything under the current selection.
Caution: do not try this with the C Drive icon selected.
- (Minus Sign)
In Windows Explorer this collapses the current selection.
+ (Plus Sign)
In Windows Explorer this expands the current selection.

Good day!
Due to a tight schedule and circumstances beyond control, we will not be able to respond/attend to you individually till October 2021. However, we will continue to keep you updated with new information as and when there is the need.
Any inconvenience is deeply regretted.
Thank you and have a nice time as you look forward to October 💕.

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Ethical Hacking –Key Terminologies

Following is a list of important terms used in the field of hacking.

● Adware − Adware is software designed to force pre-chosen ads to display on your system.

● Attack − An attack is an action that is done on a system to get its access and extract sensitive data.

● Back door − A back door, or trap door, is a hidden entry to a computing device or software that bypasses security measures, such as logins and password protections.

● Bot − A bot is a program that automates an action so that it can be done repeatedly at a much higher rate for a more sustained period than a human operator could do it. For example, sending HTTP, FTP or Telnet at a higher rate or calling script to create objects at a higher rate.

● Botnet − A botnet, also known as zombie army, is a group of computers controlled without their owners’ knowledge. Botnets are used to send spam or make denial of service attacks.

● Brute force attack − A brute force attack is an automated and the simplest kind of method to gain access to a system or website. It tries different combination of usernames and passwords, over and over again, until it gets in.

● Buffer Overflow − Buffer Overflow is a flaw that occurs when more data is written to a block of memory, or buffer, than the buffer is allocated to hold.

● Clone phishing − Clone phishing is the modification of an existing, legitimate email with a false link to trick the recipient into providing personal information.

● Cracker − A cracker is one who modifies the software to access the features which are considered undesirable by the person cracking the software, especially copy protection features.

● Denial of service attack (DoS) − A denial of service (DoS) attack is a malicious attempt to make a server or a network resource unavailable to users, usually by temporarily interrupting or suspending the services of a host connected to the Internet.

● DDoS − Distributed denial of service attack.

● Exploit Kit − An exploit kit is software system designed to run on web servers, with the purpose of identifying software vulnerabilities in client machines communicating with it and exploiting discovered vulnerabilities to upload and execute malicious code on the client.

● Exploit − Exploit is a piece of software, a chunk of data, or a sequence of commands that takes advantage of a bug or vulnerability to compromise the security of a computer or network system.

● Firewall − A firewall is a filter designed to keep unwanted intruders outside a computer system or network while allowing safe communication between systems and users on the inside of the firewall.

● Keystroke logging − Keystroke logging is the process of tracking the keys which are pressed on a computer (and which touchscreen points are used). It is simply the map of a computer/human interface. It is used by gray and black hat hackers to record login IDs and passwords. Keyloggers are usually secreted onto a device using a Trojan delivered by a phishing email.

● Logic bomb − A virus secreted into a system that triggers a malicious action when certain conditions are met. The most common version is the time bomb.

● Malware − Malware is an umbrella term used to refer to a variety of forms of hostile or intrusive software, including computer viruses, worms, Trojan horses, ransomware, spyware, adware, scareware, and other malicious programs.

● Master Program − A master program is the program a black hat hacker uses to remotely transmit commands to infected zombie drones, normally to carry out Denial of Service attacks or spam attacks.

● Phishing − Phishing is an e-mail fraud method in which the perpetrator sends out legitimate-looking emails, in an attempt to gather personal and financial information from recipients.

● Phreaker − Phreakers are considered the original computer hackers and they are those who break into the telephone network illegally, typically to make free longdistance phone calls or to tap phone lines.

● Rootkit − Rootkit is a stealthy type of software, typically malicious, designed to hide the existence of certain processes or programs from normal methods of detection and enable continued privileged access to a computer.

● Shrink Wrap code − A Shrink Wrap code attack is an act of exploiting holes in unpatched or poorly configured software.

● Social engineering − Social engineering implies deceiving someone with the purpose of acquiring sensitive and personal information, like credit card details or user names and passwords.

● Spam − A Spam is simply an unsolicited email, also known as junk email, sent to a large number of recipients without their consent.

● Spoofing − Spoofing is a technique used to gain unauthorized access to computers, whereby the intruder sends messages to a computer with an IP address indicating that the message is coming from a trusted host.

● Spyware − Spyware is software that aims to gather information about a person or organization without their knowledge and that may send such information to another entity without the consumer's consent, or that asserts control over a computer without the consumer's knowledge.

● SQL Injection − SQL injection is an SQL code injection technique, used to attack data-driven applications, in which malicious SQL statements are inserted into an entry field for ex*****on (e.g. to dump the database contents to the attacker).

● Threat − A threat is a possible danger that can exploit an existing bug or vulnerability to compromise the security of a computer or network system.

● Trojan − A Trojan, or Trojan Horse, is a malicious program disguised to look like a valid program, making it difficult to distinguish from programs that are supposed to be there designed with an intention to destroy files, alter information, steal passwords or other information.

● Virus − A virus is a malicious program or a piece of code which is capable of copying itself and typically has a detrimental effect, such as corrupting the system or destroying data.

● Vulnerability − A vulnerability is a weakness which allows a hacker to compromise the security of a computer or network system.

● Worms − A worm is a self-replicating virus that does not alter files but resides in active memory and duplicates itself.

● Cross-site Scripting − Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a type of computer security vulnerability typically found in web applications. XSS enables attackers to inject client-side script into web pages viewed by other users.

● Zombie Drone − A Zombie Drone is defined as a hi-jacked computer that is being used anonymously as a soldier or 'drone' for malicious activity, for example, distributing unwanted spam e-mails.

Differences Between Generations of computers

For those individuals who've been alive long enough to watch the staggering pace of evolution in the world of computers, today's hardware seems to be an almost impossible fantasy compared to the computers being used only two decades ago. As processors have continued to shrink in size while gaining power and functionality at an exponential rate, many computer users have purchased "new" computers and sold them as obsolete relics a handful of years later. With that idea in mind, it may be a benefit for some to compare the different computer generations and learn precisely how newer computers are outperforming their predecessors.

Performance and Power:
Perhaps one of the most significant differences between earlier generations of computers and today's powerful machines is related to processor speed. The central processing unit, or CPU, has been an integral part of computing technology since the earliest days of computer development. Although early CPUs relied on a complex series of boards and transistors, today's microprocessor-based units are capable of reaching dizzying performance speeds, measured in hertz. The number of actions that a CPU is capable of performing simultaneously is a benchmark of its prowess. Today's CPUs not only feature blisteringly fast clock speeds, but also include multiple cores for even higher degrees of functionality and performance.

Storage Hardware and Memory:
In the late 1990s, the idea of hosting a gigabyte of storage space on your computer was breathtaking. Today, even relatively simple software applications may require multiple "gigs" of space. Hard drive storage is yet another area where newer generations of computers have completely overshadowed their "ancestors." Entry-level desktop systems today may feature hard drives with over 250 gigabytes of storage space. Likewise, the introduction of "solid state" drives has meant that users no longer have to worry about the wear and tear placed on a spinning hard drive.

Internet Connectivity Options:
Accessing the internet is likely one of the most significant differences between today's computers and those from earlier generations. Whereas computers from only 15 years ago typically required wired connectivity to access the internet, WiFi connections are now taken for granted as a common element of daily computing. Although connecting to the internet may seem like a relatively simple process in today's era of computing, the ease with which we access the World Wide Web now would have been unthinkable when these services were first being rolled out on a consumer level in the 1990s. When you compare the different computer generations, it's astonishing to see just how far we've come.