Physio Genics UK

Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome.
Reference:
1. Nascimento LR, Teixeira-Salmela LF, Souza RB, Resende RA. Hip and Knee Strengthening Is More Effective Than Knee Strengthening Alone for Reducing Pain and Improving Activity in Individuals With Patellofemoral Pain: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2018;48(1):19-31.

2. Wiles P, Andrews PS, Devas MB. Chondromalacia of the patella. Bone & Joint Journal. 1956 Feb 1;38(1):95-113.

3. Blazer K. Diagnosis and treatment of patellofemoral pain syndrome in the female adolescent. Physician Assistant. 2003 Sep 1;27(9):23-30.

4. Fernández-Cuadros ME, Albaladejo-Florín MJ, Algarra-López R, Pérez-Moro OS. Efficiency of Platelet-rich Plasma (PRP) Compared to Ozone Infiltrations on Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome and Chondromalacia: A Non-Randomized Parallel Controlled Trial. Diversity & Equality in Health and Care. 2017 Aug 4;14(4).

Knee Joint Muscles, Action, & Nerve Supply.

KNEE BIOMECHANICS
Reference:
1.Townsend MA, Izak M, Jackson RW. Total motion knee goniometry. J Biomech 1977;10:183–193. 2. Smillie I.
2.Injuries of the Knee Joint. Edinburgh and London: E&S Livingstone, 1970.

ACL Injury Mechanics
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References:
1. Nagano Y, Ida H, Akai M, Fukubayashi T. Biomechanical characteristics of the knee joint in female athletes during tasks associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury. The Knee. 2009 Mar 1;16(2):153-8.
2. Olsen OE, Myklebust G, Engebretsen L, Bahr R. Injury mechanisms for anterior cruciate ligament injuries in team handball: a systematic video analysis. The American journal of sports medicine. 2004 Jun;32(4):1002-12.

ACL Biomechanics.
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Reference:
1. Matsumoto H, Suda Y, Otani T, Niki Y, Seedhom BB, Fujikawa K. Roles of the anterior cruciate ligament and the medial collateral ligament in preventing valgus instability. Journal of orthopaedic science. 2001 Jan 1;6(1):28-32
2. Petersen W, Tillmann B. Anatomy and function of the anterior cruciate ligament. Der Orthopade. 2002 Aug 1;31(8):710-8.
3. Dienst M, Burks RT, Greis PE. Anatomy and biomechanics of the anterior cruciate ligament. Orthopedic Clinics. 2002 Oct 1;33(4):605-20.
4. Zantop T, Herbort M, Raschke MJ, Fu FH, Petersen W. The role of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament in anterior tibial translation and internal rotation. Am J Sports Med 2007;35:223-227.

ACL Injuries.
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References:
1. Coombs R, Garbutt G. Development in the use of the hamstring/quadriceps ratio for the assessment of muscle balance. J Sports Sci and Med. 2002;1:56–62.

2. Ruas CV, Minozzo F, Pinto MD, Brown LE, Pinto RS. Lower-extremity strength ratios of professional soccer players according to field position. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;29(5):1220–6.

3. Aagaard P, Simonsen EB, Magnusson SP, Larsson B, Dyhre-Poulsen P. A new concept for isokinetic hamstring: quadriceps muscle strength ratio. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26(2):231–7

4. Baratta R, Solomonow M, Zhou BH, Letson D, Chuinard R, D'Ambrosia R. Muscular coactivation. The role of the antagonist musculature in maintaining knee stability. Am J Sports Med. 1988;16(2):113–22.

Isokinetic Dynamometer.

Hamstring to Quadriceps Ratio forms a fundamental in Prehab Exercise Designing, Rehab Exercise Designing specific to Male and Female population.

VMO: Vastus Medialis Oblique.
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