26/08/2026
I have been reading the newly published Five to Twelve: Year 1 report. In Year 1, the researchers collected information from families and explored children's health, wellbeing, home environments, school experiences, attainment and cognitive development. The cohort was aged 5–6. Cognitive assessments were included. The findings show clear associations between these cognitive measures and children's socioeconomic circumstances. Verbal skills were strongly linked to parental education and socioeconomic status, with similar patterns found for non-verbal reasoning and working memory.
These are important findings. But they also raise a much bigger question about how we position children.
The report shows that inequalities are already visible at the beginning of primary school. Children eligible for Free School Meals, children with SEN, those from lower-income households and those with less well-educated parents were more likely to experience disadvantage across a range of measures. For example, 30% of children eligible for Free School Meals had Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire scores suggesting socio-emotional difficulties, compared with 10% of children who were not eligible. For children with SEN, the figure was 44%, compared with 10% of children without SEN.
But what happens to the child behind the category?
A child becomes positioned within datasets as having SEN, being eligible for Free School Meals, coming from a lower-income household, having parents with a particular level of education, or achieving a particular score on a cognitive assessment.
These measures can tell us something important about patterns of inequality.
But they cannot necessarily tell us what it is like to be that child.
That distinction matters.
If we look at children only through the categories and measures we construct around them, we risk understanding the child's position without fully understanding the child's experience of that position.
A socioeconomic category tells us something about the circumstances surrounding a child.
A cognitive score tells us something about performance on a particular measure.
An SEN classification tells us something about how a child has been identified within the education system.
But none of these, on their own, can tell us:
What is it like to be this child?
And that, for me, is where children's voice becomes so important.
The Five to Twelve study is longitudinal, so it can show how these inequalities and outcomes develop as children move through primary school.
But alongside the longitudinal data, I would argue that we also need to remain attentive to children's lived experiences.
Because children are not simply data points, categories or predicted outcomes. The most important question is therefore not only:
What does the data tell us about children?
But what might children tell us about the data?
And are we measuring children's lives, or are we really listening to them?