21/09/2026
"Chinese students are better at maths because the structure of numbers in Mandarin is more logical and consistent than English, so they learn to count more quickly."
Is that an idea you've heard? It's re-surfaced on my feed recently because of the latest PISA results.
I remember thinking it sounded plausible when I first heard it a decade ago. English doesn't have a fully logical structure to its number names. The change of structure from 12 to 13 has no mathematical reason behind it, and the similarity of 'thirty' to 'thirteen' is not helpful. Italian has some similar idiosyncrasies (16 to 17 changes structure, incidentally meaning that 'becoming a teenager' has no Italian equivalent) and many people know about French and the numbers 80 and 90.
But when I learned Welsh, which has the same consistent, logical structure ('twenty' is 'two tens'), I found myself wondering why the Welsh weren't at the top of the PISA tables too. ("Shwmae" if you're a fellow siaradwyr, does dim llawer o pobl yn y fy ardal i sy'n siarad Cymraeg felly dw i'n wastad yn hapus i feindio mwy, croeso!)
So I chalked it up to "well, duh, no one element is going to explain it, and just because I love languages and therefore this explanation doesn't mean it's the thing".
EXCEPT then I ended up down a rabbit hole this weekend and it turns out speaking Welsh DOES give an advantage with learning to count! Even if it's not your first language:
https://www.tes.com/magazine/archive/welsh-makes-maths-easier
https://www.bbc.co.uk/future/article/20230511-whats-the-best-language-for-learning-maths
However, "Dowker concludes that the effects of language on numerical ability are subtle and specific rather than large and "pervasive". She certainly doesn't believe that linguistic transparence, alone, could explain why East Asian countries tend to be placed higher in educational league tables."
So we haven't actually located the secret sauce yet. (My money is on the extra planning time teachers get because how can you and your colleagues having time to plan together not be a good thing?)
Language can influence how quickly kids learn to count – but does it make a difference in the long run?