01/10/2026
🔎 On Facebook and Twitter, during the campaigning periods of the Finnish parliamentary elections of 2019 and 2023, politicians’ campaigning remained fairly nonnegative, while comments and replies experienced an increase in hostility and negativity. This was especially prevalent on Twitter, which became a largely negative platform.
Esko Nieminen's latest article examines changes in sentiment polarity on those two social media platforms.
🔓 Open access.
Democracy is often shadowed by negativity and division rather than by the deliberative exchange of different ideas. Functioning democratic systems are built on interaction, and increasing sentiment polarity and a shift toward negativity on social media present a threat to such discussions. This stud...