09/07/2026
Molecular Techniques...
✍🏻 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Amplifies (makes millions of copies of) a specific DNA sequence for...
✍🏻 Reverse Transcription PCR (RT-PCR): Converts RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) before amplification.
👉Used to detect RNA viruses and measure gene expression.
✍🏻 Real-Time PCR (qPCR): Monitors DNA amplification in real time and quantifies the amount of DNA or RNA present.
✍🏻 DNA Sequencing: Determines the exact order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. Used to identify mutations and genetic variations.
✍🏻 Gel Electrophoresis: Separates DNA, RNA, or proteins based on size using an electric current through a gel.
✍🏻Restriction Enzyme Digestion (RFLP): Uses restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sequences for DNA analysis, genetic mapping, and mutation detection.
✍🏻 DNA Hybridization: Detects specific DNA or RNA sequences using labeled complementary probes.
✍🏻Southern Blot: Detects specific DNA fragments after gel electrophoresis.
✍🏻 Northern Blot: Detects and analyzes specific RNA molecules.
✍🏻 Western Blot: Detects specific proteins using antibodies.
✍🏻DNA Fingerprinting (DNA Profiling): Identifies individuals based on unique DNA patterns;
👉used in forensics and paternity testing.
✍🏻Gene Cloning: Produces multiple copies of a gene by inserting it into a vector and growing it in a host cell.
✍🏻 Recombinant DNA Technology: Combines DNA from different organisms to produce useful proteins, such as insulin and vaccines.
✍🏻 Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS): Rapidly sequences millions of DNA fragments simultaneously for genome analysis.
✍🏻 CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing: Precisely edits DNA by adding, removing, or modifying specific gene sequences.
Common Applications...
✔ Diagnosis of infectious diseases
✔ Detection of genetic disorders
✔ Cancer diagnosis and monitoring
✔ Forensic investigations
✔ Paternity testing
✔ Drug and vaccine development
✔ Research in genetics and biotechnology