25/08/2026
Should women train differently from men?
The female body goes through significant hormonal changes throughout the menstrual cycle — and two of the key players are estrogen and progesterone.
But what could these hormones mean for training, recovery and muscle growth?
🟣 ESTROGEN — potentially more anabolic
Estrogen has several effects that may be relevant to skeletal muscle.
It has been associated with muscle repair, reduced exercise-induced muscle damage, improved glucose utilisation and protection of muscle tissue.
When estrogen rises during the follicular phase, some researchers have proposed that the body may be in a more favourable anabolic environment, potentially supporting recovery and adaptation to resistance training.
🟠 PROGESTERONE — a different environment
Progesterone rises substantially after ovulation during the luteal phase.
It can antagonise some actions of estrogen and is associated with increased body temperature, altered substrate utilisation and changes that may increase the physiological cost of exercise.
This has led researchers to propose that the luteal phase could create a relatively more catabolic environment, potentially making recovery more challenging for some women.
BUT HERE'S THE INTERESTING PART...
While some studies have shown greater gains in muscle mass and strength following a training programme adapted to the menstrual cycle, others have failed to demonstrate the same benefits.
So, should women completely change their training according to their menstrual cycle?
The bigger lesson is that coaches need to understand female physiology while also recognising that individual responses can vary enormously.
Some women may notice changes in energy, recovery, temperature regulation, motivation, or performance during different phases of their cycle — while others may notice very little.
The best programme isn't based on a calendar. It's based on the individual.
Understanding the hormonal environment can help coaches make better decisions about training load, recovery, nutrition, and exercise programming — without blindly applying the same strategy to every woman.
Want to understand the science behind training, recovery, and female physiology?
🎓 Become a certified Personal Trainer with IPTA.