16/09/2023
● التاريخ والسيرة
Islamic history and biography
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من هو منصور الحلاج ؟ وما هو وضعه في التاريخ الإسلامي ؟.
Who was Mansoor Hallaj . What is his role in Islamic History?
نشأ بواسط . وقيل بتستر ، وخالط جماعة من الصوفية منهم سهل التستري والجنيد وأبو الحسن النوري وغيرهم .
He grew up in Waasit, or it was said in Tastar, and he was connected with a group of Sufis including
رحل إلى بلاد كثيرة ، منها مكة وخراسان ، والهند وتعلم السحر بها
He traveled to many places, including Makkah and Khurasaan, and India where he learned sihr (magic, witchcraft)
وأقام أخيراً ببغداد ، وبها قتل .
He finally settled in Baghdaad, where he was killed
تعلم السحر بالهند ، وكان صاحب حيل وخداع
He learned magic in India, and he was a trickster and cheat
فخدع بذلك كثيراً من جهلة الناس ، وإستمالهم إليه
He deceived many ignorant people thereby, and they were attracted by him
حتى ظنوا فيه أنه من أولياء الله الكبار .
until they thought that he was one of the greatest awliya’ (close friends or “saints”) of Allaah.
له قبول عند عامة المستشرقين
He is liked by most of the Orientalists
ويظهرونه على أنه قتل مظلوماً
and they think that he was killed wrongfully
وذلك لما سيأتي من أن اعتقاده قريب من اعتقاد النصارى ، ويتكلم بكلامهم .
because, as we shall see below, his beliefs were close to Christian beliefs and he preached a similar message
قتل ببغداد عام 309 هـ بسبب ما ثبت عنه بإقراره وبغير إقراره من الكفر والزندقة
He was executed in Baghdad in 309 AH, because it was proven by his own confession and otherwise that he was a kaafir and a heretic
وأجمع علماء عصره على قتله بسبب ما نقل عنه من الكفر والزندقة .
The scholars of his time were agreed that he was to be executed because of the words of kufr and heresy that were narrated from him
وها هي بعض أقواله :
The following are some of the things that he said:
ادعى النبوة ، ثم تَرَقَّى به الحال أن ادعى أنه هو الله
He claimed to be a prophet, then he went further and said that he was God
فكان يقول : أنا الله . وأمر زوجة ابنه بالسجود له
He used to say, “I am Allaah,” and he commanded his daughter-in-law to prostrate to him
فقالت : أو يسجد لغير الله ؟ فقال : إله في السماء وإله في الأرض
She said, “Should I prostrate to someone other than Allaah?” He said, “There is a god in the heavens and a god on earth.”
كان يقول بالحلول والإتحاد
He believed in incarnation and union with the Divine, i.e., that
أي : أن الله تعالى قد حَلَّ فيه ، وصار هو والله شيئاً واحداً
Allaah was incarnated in him, and that he and Allaah had become one and the same
تعالى الله عن ذلك علواً كبيراً.
exalted be Allaah far above that
وهذا هو الذي جعل له القبول عن المستشرقين النصارى لأنه وافقهم على الحلول
This is what made him acceptable to the Christian Orientalists, because he shared their belief in incarnation
إذ إنهم يعتقدون في عيسى عليه السلام أن الله تعالى قد حَلَّ فيه
for they believe that God was incarnated in Jesus (‘Eesa, peace be upon him)
ولهذا تكلم الحلاج باللاهوت والناسوت كما يفعل النصارى . فمن أشعاره :
Hence al-Hallaaj spoke of divine nature and human nature as the Christians do.
Some of the lines of verse that he composed said:
سبحان مـن أظهر ناسوته سـر لاهوته الثاقـــب
“Glory be to the one Whose human form manifested the secret of His divinity
ثم بدا في خلقـه ظــاهراً في صورة الآكل والشارب
Then He emerged among His creation in the form of one who eats and drinks.”
ولما سمع إبن خفيف هذه الأبيات قال : على قائل هذا لعنة الله
When Ibn Haneef heard these lines, he said, “May the curse of Allaah be upon the one who said this.”
فقيل له : هذا شعر الحلاج . فقال : إن كان هذا اعتقاده فهو كافر
It was said to him, “This is the poetry of al-Hallaaj.” He said, “If this is what he believes, then he is a kaafir.”
سمع قارئاً يقرأ آية من القرآن ، فقال : أنا أقدر أن أؤلف مثل هذا .
He heard someone reciting a verse from the Qur’aan, and he said, “I am able to compose something like that.”
من أشعاره :
4- Another of his lines of poetry says:
عَقَدَ الخلائقُ في الإله عقائدا وأنا أعتقدتُ جميعَ ما أعتقدوه
“People formed different beliefs about God, and I believe in everything that they believed.”
وهذا الكلام مع تضمنه إقراره واعتقاده لجميع الكفر
These words imply that he approved of and believed in all forms of kufr
الذي أعتقدته الطوائف الضالة من البشر
that the misguided sects of humanity believe in
فإنه مع ذلك كلام متناقض لا يقبله عقل صريح
but it is a contradictory notion that no sound mind can accept
إذ كيف يعتقد التوحيد والشرك في آنٍ واحد ؟!
How can anyone believe in Tawheed and shirk at the same time?
له كلام يبطل به أركان الإسلام ومبانيه العظام
He said things which denied the pillars and basic principles of Islam
كان يقول : إن أرواح الأنبياء أعيدت إلى أجساد أصحابه وتلامذته
He used to say that the souls of the Prophets had been reincarnated in the bodies of his companions and students
كان يقول لأحدهم : أنت نوح ، ولآخر : أنت موسى ، ولآخر : أنت محمد
So he would say to one of them, “You are Nooh”; and to another, “You are Moosa”; and to another, “You are Muhammad.”
لما ذُهب به إلى القتل قال لأصحابه
When he was taken out to be executed, he said to his companions
لا يهولنكم هذا ، فإني عائد إليكم بعد ثلاثين يوماً . فقتل ولم يَعُدْ
“Do not worry about this, for I will return to you after thirty days,” He was executed and he never came back.
فلهذه الأقوال وغيرها أجمع علماء عصره على كفره وزندقته
Because of these sayings and others, the scholars were agreed that he was a kaafir and a heretic
وكذا ذمه أكثر الصوفية ونفوا أن يكون منهم
Similarly, most of the Sufis denounced him and denied that he was one of them
فممن ذمه الجنيد ، ولم يذكره أبو القاسم القشيري في رسالته التي ذكر فيها كثيراً من مشايخ الصوفية
Among those who denounced him was al-Junayd, and he was not mentioned by Abu’l-Qaasim al-Qushayri in his book in which he mentioned many of the Sufi shaykhs.
وكان من سعى في قتله وعقد له مجلساً وحكم عليه فيه بما يستحقه من القتل هو القاضي أبو عمر محمد بن يوسف المالكي رحمه الله
The one who strove to have him executed and who held a council in which he ruled that he deserved to be executed was al-Qaadi Abu ‘Umar Muhammad ibn Yoosuf al-Maaliki (may Allaah have mercy on him)
وقد امتدحه ابن كثير على ذلك فقال
Ibn Katheer praised him for that and said
وكان من أكبر صواب أحكامه وأصوبها قَتْلَهُ الحسين بن منصور الحلاج
“One of his greatest and most correct judgements was his ruling that al-Husayn ibn Mansoor al-Hallaaj was to be executed
وقال ابن تيمية رحمه الله : ( مَنْ اعْتَقَدَ مَا يَعْتَقِدُهُ الْحَلاجُ مِنْ الْمَقَالاتِ الَّتِي قُتِلَ الْحَلاجُ عَلَيْهَا فَهُوَ كَافِرٌ مُرْتَدٌّ بِاتِّفَاقِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ
Ibn Taymiyah (may Allaah have mercy on him) said: “Whoever believes what al-Hallaaj believed in and agrees with the ideas for which al-Hallaaj was executed, is a kaafir and an apostate, according to the consensus of the Muslims
فَإِنَّ الْمُسْلِمِينَ إنَّمَا قَتَلُوهُ عَلَى الْحُلُولِ وَالاتِّحَادِ وَنَحْوِ ذَلِكَ مِنْ مَقَالاتِ أَهْلِ الزَّنْدَقَةِ وَالإِلْحَادِ
For the Muslims executed him because of his belief in incarnation, union with the Divine and other heretical beliefs
كَقَوْلِهِ : أَنَا اللَّهُ . وَقَوْلِهِ : إلَهٌ فِي السَّمَاءِ وَإِلَهٌ فِي الأَرْضِ
such as his saying, ‘I am Allaah,’ and, ‘There is a god in the heavens and a god on earth.’
وَالْحَلاجُ كَانَتْ لَهُ مخاريق وَأَنْوَاعٌ مِنْ السِّحْرِ
… Al-Hallaaj performed extraordinary feats and various kinds of magic
وَلَهُ كُتُبٌ مَنْسُوبَةٌ إلَيْهِ فِي السِّحْرِ
and there are books of magic which are attributed to him
وَبِالْجُمْلَةِ فَلا خِلافَ بَيْنِ الأُمَّةِ
In conclusion, there is no dispute among the ummah that
أَنَّ مَنْ قَالَ بِحُلُولِ اللَّهِ فِي الْبَشَرِ وَاتِّحَادِهِ بِهِ
whoever believes that Allaah can be incarnated in a human being and be as one with him
وَأَنَّ الْبَشَرَ يَكُونُ إلَهًا وَهَذَا مِنْ الآلِهَةِ : فَهُوَ كَافِرٌ مُبَاحُ الدَّمِ وَعَلَى هَذَا قُتِلَ الْحَلاجُ
or that a human being can be a god, is a kaafir whose blood it is permissible to shed. On this basis al-Hallaaj was executed
وَمَا نَعْلَمُ أَحَدًا مِنْ أَئِمَّةِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ ذَكَرَ الْحَلاجَ بِخَيْرِ لا مِنْ الْعُلَمَاءِ وَلا مِنْ الْمَشَايِخِ
We do not know of anyone among the imams of the Muslims who spoke well of al-Hallaaj, neither among the scholars nor among the shaykhs
وَلَكِنَّ بَعْضَ النَّاسِ يَقِفُ فِيهِ ; لأَنَّهُ لَمْ يَعْرِفْ أَمْرَهُ
But some of the people did not comment on him because they did not know about him
